Aim What happens when a bacteria or virus mutates?

MUTATIONS Change in DNA that affect genetic information. In other words base pair (A-T or G-C) sequence changes.

Mutation What can a change in DNA lead to in an organisms cell? Since DNA has the codes for the production of proteins, a mutation would lead to that organism producing a defective protein

Gene expression How could a defective protein impact on the way a gene expresses itself? It can change things like the shape of a hormone or enzyme which are proteins and make them not function properly

Mutations in one cell organisms Since bacteria and viruses are one cell organism, a mutation in its DNA will change the entire organism Different strains of that organism will be formed Surface proteins on membrane

The hepatitis example There are three types of hepatitis viruses- A, B, and C The event that changed the original hepatitis virus was a mutation Hepatitis is a liver disease

The AIDS example There are two stands of AIDS virus due to the virus changing from a mutation HIV I and HIV II

Viral infections Once you have a viral infection only your immune system can eliminate the virus from your body. You can prevent certain viral infection by receiving a vaccine If a certain virus should mutate you must receive a new vaccine to combat the mutated virus

Curing Bacterial infections The doctor gives you an antibiotic to kill the bacteria. It kills all the blue bacteria but the red bacteria survives. Why does the red bacteria survive? The red is antibiotic resistant to that particular antibiotic because it mutated.(DNA changed). It survives and begins to multiply Red bacteria is mutated

All red bacteria If the antibiotic killed all the blue bacteria, but not the red, they begin to multiply. How does the doctor cure the patient? He prescribes a new antibiotic that will kill the red (mutated) bacteria.

Summary An event that make a bacteria or virus change is called a mutation (change in DNA) A mutation can lead to the production of a defective protein A bacteria can become antibiotic resistant if it mutates In order to cure the patient from this resistant bacteria the doctor can change the antibiotic to one that works. Antibiotic only work against bacteria