Earth Shakes, Rattles, and Rolls

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Presentation transcript:

Earth Shakes, Rattles, and Rolls EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ROBERTS

What is the relationship between the earth’s plates and earthquakes? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBdvvXyS-r4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldsWIf2OSYQ

Earthquake Vocabulary Focus: The point beneath the Earth’s surface where rocks break and move. (Earthquake’s point of origin) Epicenter: The point ON the Earth’s surface, directly above the focus. Magnitude: measure of energy released during earthquake Seismic Wave: waves produced by earthquakes Liquefaction: When water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a liquid. Caused by seismic waves. Seismograph: record seismic waves

Earthquake Important Facts Earthquakes (and volcanoes) are found where plates meet. Shaking of earth due to movement of rocks along a fault. Rocks under stress accumulate strain energy over time. (Form of potential energy) When stress exceeds strength of rocks, rock breaks. Strain energy is released as seismic waves.

Earthquake Waves Types of seismic waves: Body waves-travel through interior Surface waves-travel on surface of earth Specific Body Waves: Primary waves or P-waves: highest velocity, causes compression and expansion in direction of wave travel. Secondary waves or S-waves: Slower than P-waves but faster than surface waves; causes shearing of rock perpendicular to direction of wave travel; CAN NOT travel through liquids

Earthquake Waves Surface Waves: Love Waves: moves surface ground side to side; fastest surface wave Rayleigh Waves: rolls on the surface just like a wave rolls across the ocean.

Primary or “P” Wave Secondary or “S” Wave

Time-Travel Curve

Triangulation of 3 stations to locate earthquake epicenter

Determining the magnitude of an earthquake Richter Magnitude: Measure amplitude of largest S wave on seismograph record(seismogram) Take into account distance between seismograph and epicenter Richter Scale: Logarithmic numberical (NOT a physical) scale Increasing one whole unit on Richter Scale represents 10 times greater magnitude. Intensity: Intensity refers to the amojnt of damage done in an earthquake Mercalli Scale is used to express damage

Earthquake Prediction How can scientists predict an earthquake? Currently….they can’t Future technology will monitor subsurface seismic waves and periodic shifting indicative of future “slippage” Tracking organic movement is also a source of future study

Earthquake Hazard Potential Map

3 Types of Faults Normal Reverse Strike-Slip

Normal Fault The hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall. This fault type is caused by tensional stress.

Normal Fault

Reverse Fault The hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall. This fault is caused by Compressional stress.

Reverse Fault

Strike-Slip Fault The fault exists between two pieces of crust and the Movement occurs horizontally where the sides slide past each other. This fault type is caused by shear stress.

Strike-Slip Fault