Industrialism & Social Theory Marx Ideas, Problems & Solutions Smith Malthus Ricardo Owen Bentham

19th c. Industrial Society Develops GB Textiles + other consumer products + Machines + Global instability + British Navy dominance = GB dominates Continental Europe grows slowly Belgium, France & German states Population boom + Urban Migration = Blight Enclosure = Large landowners benefit Technology = RR + machines Δ life!

19th c. Changes in Work Expanding workforce, also “working poor” Wage Labor = Owners own & direct production for maximum profit Proletarianization = work becomes impersonal & dehumanized Luddite rebellion in GB Standardization of products = ↓ cost + consistency of quality Gender separation + Child Labor + ↓ Family Men skilled / Women unskilled / domestic

19th c. Marriage Young women work: Earn $, meet men, less supervision,  illegitimate births Marriage Roles = Man as Provider & Women as Homemaker (traditional) Separate gender-based “spheres” Manage home affairs, side work, raise kids Reflection on man’s worth and ability as “provider” If Wife can stay home = ?? If wife HAS to work = ?? Concept of “beauty” = skinny vs plump??

19th c. Social Problems Crime  >> professional police (“cop”) Desire for ORDER & STABILTY Prison System: HARSH Men, women, kids housed together Horrible conditions, care by outsiders Hulks = prison ships to “transport” GB to Australia / France to Devil’s Island to penal colony = remove from society Reform movements: Rehab flaws focus Auburn, Philadelphia & Pentonville system = cell, silence & reflection

What Social Theories Develop in Response to Industrialism’ s Problems? Industrial Age Economic Social Theories and Isms Capitalism Socialism Utopianism Utilitarianism Anarchism Marxism Founder(s)   Main Idea Key Vocab Who Controls? Who Benefits? My Analysis

Classical Economics Adam Smith…Wealth of Nations Capitalism = private property & control of “means of production” Economic growth via free enterprise Individualism The “marketplace” should dictate Laissez-faire = government “hands off” Government’s duty? Sound currency… Low taxes & tariffs Protect property

Market Forces: Supply & Demand

Classical Economics Thomas Malthus… Principle of Population Population ↑ faster than food supply Famine, war + disease keep population in check Poor should have less children

Classical Economics David Ricardo Principles of Political Economy Advocated currency backed by precious metal Advocated free competition Labor determines value of product / service Comparative Advantage: Specialization Iron Law of Wages Wages determined by supply-demand of labor ↑↑ wages > more kids > more workers > ↓↓wages Wages naturally drift to minimum level

Government Policy GB & F & others follow ‘classical’ economic models in early 1800s… a Liberal idea G states create “Zollverein” Free trade w/in German speaking area (No Aus) GB + Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism = Greatest good for greatest number 1833 Slavery abolished – W. Wilburforce 1834 Poor Law Poverty relief via Workhouses… stigma? 1846 repeal Corn Laws… remove tariffs

Reforming Industrial Society Utopian Socialism Creating ideal / model community Henri Saint-Simon (F) Management by experts, not private individuals Robert Owen (GB) Environmental psychology Provide the best … living + working conditions, education… New Lanark (GB) & New Harmony (USA)… results? Charles Fourier (F) Phalanx community…freedom… change tasks often Louis Blanc (F) State controlled economy + working class suffrage

Reforming Industrial Society… Radical Ideas Anarchism… Auguste Blanqui Rejection of capitalism & government Revolution! Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anti-banking >> Credit for all Mutualism... Community over the Individual Community co-ops

Reforming Industrial Society… Radical Ideas Marxism >> Communism Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels (G) Communist Manifesto Class struggle… Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie Workers Should Control of Means of Production Revolution of Proletariat >> Dictatorship of Proletariat >> Communist Society No government, no social classes, no “establishment”

1848: A Revolutionary Year Identify the locations of key revolts aka “Hot Spots” of 1848 Create “Thought Bubble” for each Bullet point significant info for each area such as leader, goal, vocabulary, documents, outcome Summarize the causes and effects of the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe

Create this Bubble Map 1848 Map Great Britain N. Italy Prussia France German States Prussia Bohemia Hungary N. Italy France Great Britain

Add significant details & Prepare to Write 1848 German States Prussia Bohemia Hungary N. Italy France Great Britain

FRQ QUICK “1848 is considered to be a ‘revolutionary’ year” Evaluate the validity of the above statement. Cite (3) revolutionary occurrences of 1848 as evidence.