Chapter 9-1 and 9-2 ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did Thomas Jefferson expand our government and our nation? Election of 1800, Jefferson, and the Louisiana Purchase

Objectives Describe the outcome of the election of 1800. Explain Jefferson’s policies as President. Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison.

Terms and People Thomas Jefferson – third President of the United States, elected in 1800 Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the 1800 election; Thomas Jefferson’s Vice President laissez faire – the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under President Jefferson judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to get rid of unconstitutional laws

How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government? In 1800, President John Adams ran for reelection against Thomas Jefferson. Federalists supported John Adams. Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.

The election of 1800 was viciously contested. Federalists threatened civil war if Jefferson were elected. Republicans accused John Adams of wanting to create a monarchy. By receiving 73 electoral votes, Jefferson defeated Adams.

Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes. Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes Jefferson Aaron Burr - 73 Votes The House of Representatives had to break the tie when the Presidential candidates got the same number of votes. They voted for Jefferson to be President and Burr to be Vice President.

To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment. From 1804 on, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President.

At Jefferson’s inauguration: Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C., the new capital. Jefferson chose a less aristocratic ceremony. At Jefferson’s inauguration: Jefferson walked to the ceremony. People did not bow. They shook Jefferson’s hand. In the past: The President rode to the inauguration in a fancy carriage. People bowed to the President. In his inaugural address, Jefferson urged all Americans to unite.

Jefferson thought of his election as the “Revolution of 1800.” Jefferson vowed to change many of the policies of George Washington and John Adams. He believed in the idea of laissez faire, from the French term for “let alone.” – the government should not interfere in the economy His first goal was to limit the power of the federal government.

Jefferson created new Republican policies and kept some existing Federalist policies.

Jefferson also targeted the Sedition Act, which he had long opposed. Many people had been convicted and fined under the act. Others had been imprisoned. Jefferson ordered the fines refunded. Jefferson released the prisoners.

Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison Jefferson (Republican) defeats Adams (Federalist) in the Election of 1800

Marbury v. Madison 1. On his last day, Adams fills courts with as many Federalist judges as possible They were called “midnight judges” - Adams waited until 9 o’clock on his last night as President to appoint them.

Marbury v. Madison 2. Jefferson becomes President the next day but some of Adams’ judges have not yet received their official forms a. Jefferson says they cannot be judges

Marbury v. Madison b. Jefferson orders James Madison (Secretary of State) not to give out the papers to the judges

Marbury v. Madison 3. William Marbury is one of the judges affected by Jefferson’s decision

Marbury v. Madison a. Marbury demands that the Supreme Court examine the case and force the executive branch to hand out papers

What was Judiciary Act of 1789? Marbury v. Madison Marbury says Judiciary Act of 1789 gives the Supreme Court the right to do this What was Judiciary Act of 1789? Created federal court system with 3 levels and outlined the powers of each – district, court of appeals, Supreme Court

How do you think Jefferson reacted? Marbury v. Madison 4. John Marshall, the chief justice and a Federalist, listens to Marbury’s case How do you think Jefferson reacted? How do you think Marshall reacted?

Marbury v. Madison a. Marshall agrees that Marbury had been treated unfairly AND…..

Marbury v. Madison Judiciary Act would allow SC to force Madison into making Marbury a judge BUT….

Marbury v. Madison c. Marshall has to decide is this constitutional or unconstitutional?

Marbury v. Madison - Marshall decides that forcing the government to make Marbury judge would be unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison 5. Marshall’s ruling establishes Judicial Review - Supreme Court can declare act of Congress unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison Judicial review has increased the Supreme Court’s legal authority… making it a much stronger branch

9-2 Louisiana Purchase

Terms and People expedition – a long and carefully organized journey Meriwether Lewis – army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead the exploration of the West William Clark – Lewis’s coleader continental divide – the place on the continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions Zebulon Pike – explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory from 1805–1807

What was the importance of the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory? The tide of westward settlement sped up in the years after America’s independence. By 1800, more than one million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

Most western settlers were farmers who relied on the Mississippi River. Farmers shipped goods down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans. From there, goods were loaded on ships and carried to markets across the Atlantic.

Spain, which controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans, threatened to close the port to American ships. Pinckney Treaty This treaty with Spain guaranteed the right of Americans to ship goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. To prevent this, the United States negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain in 1795.

Americans demanded war with Spain. Later, after the treaty had been signed, Spain withdrew the right of Americans to ship goods through New Orleans. Americans demanded war with Spain.

To make matters worse, Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana Territory to France. If that happened, westward expansion of the United States would be blocked. French territory Jefferson feared that France would become dominant in America, as it was becoming in Europe.

Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French. He ordered James Monroe and Robert Livingston to make a deal in Paris. They soon discovered that the situation had shifted yet again.

The French had been driven from their colony on Haiti by a slave revolt. Without Haiti, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in the event of a war.

Also, war between France and Britain was still going on. Napoleon needed money for the war.

Because of France’s situation, Monroe and Livingston received a surprising offer. France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. France sold the land for 3cents per acre ($15 million dollars) New Orleans Louisiana

Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase. Was it constitutional? In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase was constitutional because the President is able to make treaties with foreign countries.

After buying the Louisiana Territory in 1803, Thomas Jefferson was eager to have it explored and mapped.

In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to fund a western expedition. He chose two army officers to lead the exploration. Meriwether Lewis William Clark

Goals of the western expedition Look for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Report back on the natural features of the region. Make contact with Native Americans. Goals of the western expedition

Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for more than two years. July 1804 August 1804 October 1804 The party reached the mouth of the Platte River, which feeds into the Missouri River. The expedition followed the Missouri River from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains.

They met with Native Americans for the first time. July 1804 August 1804 October 1804 They met with Native Americans for the first time. The Americans promised to give the tribes military support and trading rights in exchange for peace.

July 1804 August 1804 October 1804 They camped in what is now North Dakota for the winter. They were joined by Sacagawea, a Shoshone translator.

The party reached the continental divide. August 1805 November 1805 March 1806 The party reached the continental divide. They did not find a waterway to the Pacific. Instead, they had to navigate rapids in their canoes.

August 1805 November 1805 March 1806 They reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They began the return journey, which took about half a year.

The journey of Lewis and Clark led many Americans to feel a sense of duty to expand west.

From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory.

Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains. Partway up a mountain, he was forced to turn back. Today, this mountain is known as Pike’s Peak. Rocky Mountains Pike’s Peak Pike returned home through Spanish New Mexico. Pike’s reports increased U.S. interest in the region.