Module 9: Emerging Technologies

Session Purpose Introduce the concepts and state of Emerging Technologies Provide understanding of: What are today’s Emerging Technologies? Why are they important? What are the benefits? Examples of leadership actions

What are Today’s Emerging Technologies? Connected Automated Vehicles Smart Cities Mobility as a Service Big Data

What are Connected Vehicles? Wireless technology connecting vehicles to each other and to roadside infrastructure Connections may be Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Vehicle-to-Other (V2X) Wireless technology may be via cellular service or DSRC Vehicles connect through in-vehicle devices Pedestrians/cyclists connect through personal devices Devices broadcast and receive information from roadside infrastructure and other devices

Examples of Connected Vehicles Applications V2I Safety Red light violation warning Curve speed warning Stop sign gap assist Reduced speed zone warning V2V Safety Forward collision warning Left turn assist Blind spot/lane change warning Road Weather Motorist advisories and warnings Enhanced decision support Mobility Signal priority Emergency vehicle pre-emption Dynamic speed harmonization Queue warning

What are Autonomous Vehicles? Automated vehicles use on-board sensors, cameras, global positioning, and telecommunications to help perform safety- critical driving functions such as steering, acceleration and braking - without direct driver input Automated does not always mean self- driving There are five levels of automation as you’ll see on this next slide

Levels of Vehicle Automation Here Today Being Tested NHTSA’s Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety offers a nonregulatory approach to automated vehicle technology safety. Section 1: Voluntary Guidance supports the automotive industry and other key stakeholders as they consider and design best practices for the testing and safe deployment of Automated Driving Systems. To support the State level work, Section 2: Technical Assistance to States clarifies and delineates Federal and State roles in regulation and offers insight on best practices for legislatures and state highway officials. Note: Cadillac’s CT6 is level 3 available today Levels of Vehicle Automation

Merging into CAV Terminology

Policy Issues Still Being Explored Privacy Cyber-Security Data ownership USDOT authority NHTSA: Regulate safety equipment in vehicles FHWA: Provide guidance on roadside infrastructure Driver and vehicle licensing NHTSA distraction guidelines Market driven 5G vs. DSRC For cell-based connected vehicles many issues are addressed through the consumer and business-to-business marketplace. However, there are several implementation issues surrounding DSRC-based vehicles. Unless otherwise noted, all of these implementation issues are specific to DSRC-based vehicles. It should be noted that these are only some of the issues. Others such as liability are also being studied. Privacy is a high-visibility issue. There are numerous cell-based connected vehicle apps which are “opt-in,” meaning that the user agrees to share their data typically for the opportunity to use the service. For DSRC-based vehicles, privacy concerns are minimized through the design of the system. No personal information is needed for V2V or V2I safety applications; however, minimal personal information may be necessary for the security network. Security to prevent hacks like the highly publicized on with Jeep in 2016. Security Credentialing Management System (SCMS) is being tested by three CV Pilot sites. The SCMS provides the security infrastructure to issue and manage the security certificates that form the basis of trust for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. Data Ownership is also an issue. For opt-in applications, the user makes the choice about use of the data. For DSRC-based vehicles where data are shared without consent by the driver, data ownership is under study by USDOT. US DOT Authority: NHTSA has regulatory authority over vehicle safety features. Unlike NHTSA, FHWA does not have authority to require transportation agencies to install V2I or roadside equipment. The installation of roadside infrastructure is a choice of each state and local agency. Driver distraction is another public policy issue. NHTSA issued distraction guidelines for use by OEMs, suppliers, and vendors. Additional research is under way in both the public and private sectors. Companies that manufacture devices, develop apps, or provide content are aware of the concerns. Distraction is a key issue in the design of the interface between the car and driver. Driver distraction is likely to be a significant issue in the future.

Discussion Are connected and autonomous vehicles operating in your region? What planning opportunities are there for CAV at your agency? Have you deployed, or considered deploying roadside infrastructure to support CAV?

What is a Smart City? Urbanized areas that use data and connectivity to improve mobility Common challenges to address First/last-mile service for transit users Goods movement efficiency Coordinating data collection and dissemination across systems Reducing inefficiency in parking systems and payment Reducing carbon emissions Optimizing traffic flow

Example Technologies from Smart City Challenge Autonomous vehicles for first and last-mile Dynamic curb parking reservation and space sensing to expedite freight loading and unloading Improved and expanded charging systems for electric vehicles Connected vehicles, bicyclists and pedestrians Unified data analytics platforms across modes to improve decision making In December 2015, USDOT launched the Smart City Challenge, asking mid-sized cities across America to develop ideas for an integrated, first-of-its-kind smart transportation system that would use data, applications, and technology to help people and goods move more quickly, cheaply, and efficiently. The Challenge generated an overwhelming response: 78 applicant cities shared the challenges they face and ideas for how to tackle them. Seven finalists worked with DOT to further develop their ideas: Columbus, OH - Austin, TX - Denver, CO - Kansas City, MO - Pittsburgh, PA - Portland, OR - San Francisco, CA. Columbus was the winner. Will leverage a new central connected traffic signal and integrated transportation data system to develop a suite of applications to deliver enhanced human services to residents and visitors. Applications include a multi-modal trip planning application, a common payment system for all transportation modes, a smartphone application for assistance to persons with disabilities, and integration of travel options at key locations for visitors. Columbus will establish a smart corridor connecting underserved neighborhoods to jobs and services. The smart corridor will enhance Bus Rapid Transit service by installing smart traffic signals, smart street lighting, traveler information and payment kiosks, and free public Wi-Fi along the route. Six electric, accessible, autonomous vehicles will be deployed to expand the reach of the BRT system to additional retail and employment centers. Denver developed plans to integrate adaptive signal control and smart freeway ramp metering to optimize traffic flow on two major arterial highways. San Francisco proposed installing multimodal intelligent traffic signal systems equipped with DSRC technology at high priority pedestrian collision locations to improve pedestrian safety, reduce idling, and prioritize transit and emergency vehicles to improve reliability and response times.

What is Mobility as a Service (MaaS)? A shift from personally-owned vehicles, toward transportation provided as a service Enhanced through better integration of modes Use multiple modes to complete trips Payments coordinated across modes

Examples of Mobility as a Service Ridesharing E-hailing Bike sharing Car sharing On-demand transit Scooters

What is Big Data? Use of data across modes and transportation sectors to perform analysis, make decisions and provide information to improve mobility New methods to collect, transmit, sort, store, share, aggregate, fuse, analyze, and apply these data will be needed for management and operations of transportation systems

Example Uses of Big Data Using data sets to perform complex simulations and identify congestion causes and mitigation Building comprehensive origin-destination models to identify potential alternatives for commuters Analyzing transit usage and passenger first and last-mile needs to adjust service Analyzing changes in transportation network to better understand impact on travelers Using real-time data to actively manage transportation systems

Why are Emerging Technologies Important? Auto industry is moving forward with CAV Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) with USDOT is developing V2V safety apps for connected vehicles There are private-sector autonomous vehicles on roadways already EasyMile, Waymo (Google) and Uber Audi claims to have Level 4 vehicles and Cadillac has Level 3 Tesla users operating in “autopilot” mode, but really just Level 3 Has had high profile crashes due to unsafe operation by owners

Why are Emerging Technologies Important? Smart Cities can provide integration between transportation network and other city elements Smart Cities can cost-effectively leverage existing data and systems to improve mobility Mobility as a Service is increasing in demand, especially among younger travelers Mobility as a Service may require changes in transportation infrastructure Parking for shared cars Facilities for changing modes during trips

What are the Benefits? Improved mobility and efficiency Makes travel available to more people Reduces costs related to vehicle ownership Smoother traffic flow and coordination with traffic operations Improved safety Crash avoidance Better information about roads for drivers and vehicles More awareness of interaction between vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists

What are the Benefits? More efficient freight, transit and emergency vehicle operations Better truck staging and flow in traffic Improved signal priority for transit and emergency services Enhances existing data to perform more accurate analysis and real- time operations

Discussion What data do other agencies have that would benefit your operations? What data do you have that you can share with other agencies? What challenges do you anticipate your agency having in supporting Mobility as a Service?

Leadership Actions Engage in institutional collaborations V2I Deployment Coalition – SPaT Challenge Transportation Research Board Be aware of and engage in discussion of major policy issues Policies regarding connected and autonomous vehicles Data privacy concerns Funding for emerging technologies versus traditional transportation strategies

Leadership Actions Take advantage of learning and training opportunities National Highway Institute USDOT Professional Capacity Building (Connected Vehicle 101 and 102) Learn how to plan, design and deploy Understand integration with existing services Understand impact to infrastructure Learn the needs of your community Cell-based connected vehicles are used by numerous companies. These companies capture, analyze, and store large quantities of this data. The image in the slide is from one such company, Inrix, and illustrates the breadth of this type of probe data. This type of data will continue to grow and become more prevalent. HERE is a similar company, and it supplies data for the National Performance Management Research Data Set (NPMRDS). Agencies can take advantage of the NPMRDS data which was purchased by FHWA and made available to states and MPOs. The data set includes average travel times and is available monthly at no charge. For more information and access to the NPMRD, email: heretraffic.nhsdata@here.com The NPMRDS may meet agency needs. If it is not adequate, a growing number of public agencies are purchasing this data from companies. Agencies should assess the type of data that can be provided and the needs that it meets for the agency. Considerations include The cost of purchasing the data; The coverage provided (it may be more cost-effective to use this approach particularly in rural areas and, increasingly, on arterials); The equivalent cost of installing, maintaining and operating traditional data sources; and Unmet data needs that still must be provided by the agency.

Resources Connected Vehicle Pilot Deployment Program https://www.its.dot.gov/pilots/ V2I Deployment Coalition https://transportationops.org/V2I/V2I-overview USDOT Automated Vehicle Activities https://www.transportation.gov/AV USDOT Smart City Challenge https://www.transportation.gov/smartcity Transportation Research Board Innovative Mobility Services: Issues and Opportunities http://www.trb.org/PolicyStudies/InnovativeUrbanMobilityServicesIssuesOpportunities.aspx USDOT Enterprise Data https://www.its.dot.gov/research_areas/enterprise.htm