U3C7 The Industrial Revolution: 1700-1900 World History

Main Idea The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment led people to develop new ways of doing things. Among these new ways were processes and machines for raising crops, making cloth, and other jobs. These developments led to dramatic changes in industry and the world of work. Because so much changed, this era is called the Industrial Revolution. It began in Great Britain and then spread to other parts of the world.

Essential Question What was the Industrial Revolution?

7.1 A New Kind of Revolution: Jethro Tull Invented the seed drill – a horse drawn machine for planting more efficiently Started an agricultural revolution that would bring changes to nearly all aspects of life One farmer’s frustration led to a revolution

The Industrial Revolution During the 1700s technology changes began that would transform the world, this era, when the use of power driven machines were developed, was called the Industrial Revolution, which started in Great Britain Before people only used human and animal power, developed water and steam power to drive new machines

Factors that led to the Industrial Revolution Exploration and colonialism: Britain’s colonies around the world provided vast raw materials like raw cotton fiber. Sea power: the largest fleet in the world could carry raw materials and return with finish goods Political stability: fought wars in Canada and N. America in 1700s, but peaceful at home, so commerce thrived Government support: Parliament passed laws that favored business Growth of private investment: private business funded “research and development”

Agricultural Factors Jethro Tull invented seed drill in 1701 Livestock breeding methods to raise healthier animals Crop improvements such as potatoes increased food supplies, increasing the population The enclosure movement allowed for more efficient farming methods, increasing food supplies

3 factors of production land, labor, capital Land: Great Britain had all the natural resources it needed-coal for fuel, iron-to build machines, and water-from rivers, streams, canals, and deep water harbors to transport raw materials and goods. Labor: greater food supply created a great population, along with displaced farmers from the enclosure movement Capital: the country was prosperous and had money to spend

Textile Revolution from a cottage industry to completely transformed by industrialization Wool increased due to the enclosure movement, cotton levels increased from India and the North American colonies

Textile Machines: inventors Cotton gin: Eli Whitney Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves The spinning frame: Richard Arkwright Flying shuttle: John Kay Power loom: Edmund Cartwright

Factories Factory: from the old word “manufactory” Large buildings that housed new machines Spinning system driven by water known as the “water frame”

Steam Power James Watt developed the steam engine Less reliance on water for power Steam power allowed factories to be built near fuel supplies or where workers lived In 1802 Richard Trevithick used a steam engine to power the first locomotive, essential to the Industrial Revolution Robert Fulton, an American developed the steamship Clermont in 1807

Industry comes to America Machines and skilled workers were restricted to Great Britain from 1769-1830. Samuel Slater known as the “Father of American Industry, "came to America in 1789 to provide factory and machine plans, which he created from memory. In 1793, built Slater’s Mill in Pawtucket Rhode Island

Industry spreads 1807-spreads to Belgium in Europe 1848-France becomes industrial power 1850-Germany 1868-Japan 1900s-China, India, Russia

7.2 Factories and Workers: Production before Factories Cottage Industry: workers produced goods at home Pros: Could work your own schedule Cons: If parents fell ill or died, or if equipment became damaged, work could not continue

Factories and Factory Towns 12 hour plus work day Poor ventilation Poor sanitation Dangerous work conditions They favored children because they could pay them less Noisy Inadequate food Thick soot from coal burning covered the sky

The Factory System and Workers 3 main levels of participants: wealthy business people to invest, mid- level employees to supervise, low-level employees to run the machines Workers were plentiful Employers preferred hiring women and children because they could pay them less “Luddites” burned factories and smashed machines in protest Early 1800s British workers formed labor unions and organized strikes

Factories and Mass Production Mass Production: the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items. Interchangeable Parts: identical machine-made parts Assembly Line: product moves from worker to worker, as each one performs a step in the manufacturing process

7.3 New Ideas in a New Society: New Ideas about Economics In the late 1700s and early 1800s industrialization changed how people thought about economics: mercantilism was giving way to capitalism and competition. Attitudes changed by Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus Malthus was proven wrong, but Smith’s prediction was true Industrial capitalism emerged as the main economic pattern in the Western world.

Robber Barons Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and John D. Rockefeller all became extremely wealthy entrepreneurs; although they treated their workers poorly, they gave large amounts to charity

Competing Economic Views Robert Owen and Karl Marx thought capitalism was a bad thing, with its poor working conditions and large gap between rich and poor Owen’s utopianism led socialists to the social democracy movement Karl Marx was a German radical against capitalism, whose views led the adoption of communism by some governments.

Effects on Society Home life: the idea of separate spheres-men went to work, women stayed home to raise children. Home was the moral center, business was without moral control Industrialized countries became wealthy and powerful Britain, Germany, France, U.S. Long-term effects: rising middle class had more money, allowing more leisure and education time, allowing them to be more involved in politics