Meiosis

Reproduction Two types: 1. ASEXUAL ~ single parent passes complete copy Binary fission, fragmentation, budding, parthenogenesis **OFFSPRING GENETICALLY SAME AS PARENT** 2. SEXUAL ~ two parents pass DNA to make genetically diff offspring Fertilization = two gametes fuse to form zygote Sex cells = germ cells (body cells = somatic cells) **OFFSPRING GENETICALLY DIFF FROM PARENT**

Reproduction Germ cells Somatic cells Haploid ~ has one set of chromosomes (23 for humans) Somatic cells Diploid ~ has two sets of chromosomes (46 for humans) Homologous chromosomes ~ similar in size & shape & genes

Meiosis – A Source of Distinction Why do you share some but not all characters of each parent? What are the rules of this sharing game? At one level, the answers lie in meiosis.

Meiosis does two things - 1) Meiosis takes a cell with two copies of every chromosome (diploid) and makes cells with a single copy of every chromosome (haploid). (This is a good idea if you’re going to combine two cells to make a new organism.) This trick is accomplished by halving chromosome number. In meiosis, one diploid cells produces four haploid cells.

2) Meiosis scrambles the specific forms of each gene that each sex cell (egg or sperm) receives. This makes for a lot of genetic diversity. This trick is accomplished through independent assortment and crossing-over. Genetic diversity is important for the evolution of populations and species.

Discuss with the person next to you: -Why do we need meiosis? -Can’t we just grow with mitosis? (Be ready to answer!)

Why do we need meiosis? Meiosis is necessary to halve the number of chromosomes going into the sex cells Why do this? At fertilization the male and female sex cells will provide ½ of the chromosomes each – so the offspring has genes from both parents

Meiosis Parent cell – chromosome pair Chromosomes copied 1st division - pairs split 2nd division – produces 4 gamete cells with ½ the original no. of chromosomes

Meiosis – mouse testes Parent cell 1st division 2nd division 4 gametes

The Stages of Meiosis: aka: Reduction Division

Meiosis I : Separates Homologous Chromosomes Interphase Each of the chromosomes replicate The result is two genetically identical sister chromatids which remain attached at their centromeres

Prophase I CRUCIAL PHASE! During this phase each pair of chromatids don’t move to the equator alone, they match up with their homologous pair and fasten together (synapsis) in a group of four called a tetrad. Extremely IMPORTANT!!! It is during this phase that crossing over can occur. Crossing Over is the exchange of segments during synapsis.

Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells – Crossing-Over Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment.

Crossing-over During prophase I, homologous chromosomes line up next to each other. Crossing-over happens when one arm of a chromatid crosses over the arm of the other chromatid. The chromosomes break and reform.

Metaphase I The chromosomes line up at the equator attached by their centromeres to spindle fibers from centrioles. Still in homologous pairs

Anaphase I The spindle guides the movement of the chromosomes toward the poles Sister chromatids remain attached Move as a unit towards the same pole The homologous chromosome moves toward the opposite pole Contrasts mitosis – chromosomes appear as individuals instead of pairs (meiosis)

Telophase I This is the end of the first meiotic cell division. The cytoplasm divides, forming two new daughter cells. Each of the newly formed cells has half the number of the parent cell’s chromosomes, but each chromosome is already replicated ready for the second meiotic cell division

Cytokinesis Occurs simultaneously with telophase I Forms 2 daughter cells Plant cells – cell plate Animal cells – cleavage furrows NO FURTHER REPLICATION OF GENETIC MATERIAL PRIOR TO THE SECOND DIVISION OF MEIOSIS

In your notes, list 3 or more differences between mitosis and meiosis I. Discuss with your partner, and be ready to share!

Figure 13.7 The stages of meiotic cell division: Meiosis I

Meiosis II : Separates sister chromatids Proceeds similar to mitosis THERE IS NO INTERPHASE II !

Prophase II Each of the daughter cells forms a spindle, and the double stranded chromosomes move toward the equator

Metaphase II The chromosomes are positioned on the metaphase plate in a mitosis-like fashion

Anaphase II The centromeres of sister chromatids finally separate The sister chromatids of each pair move toward opposite poles Now individual chromatids

Telophase II and Cytokinesis Nuclei form at opposite poles of the cell and cytokinesis occurs After completion of cytokinesis there are four daughter cells All are haploid (n)

Figure 13.7 The stages of meiotic cell division: Meiosis II

How is meiosis II different from meiosis I How is meiosis II different from meiosis I? Discuss and be ready to share.

One Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells (Gametes) – Independent Assortment Independent assortment produces 2n distinct gametes, where n = the number of unique chromosomes. In humans, n = 23 and 223 = 60,000,000. That’s a lot of diversity by this mechanism alone.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

The Key Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis is the Way Chromosomes Uniquely Pair and Align in Meiosis Mitosis The first (and distinguishing) division of meiosis

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides” X chromosome Y chromosome

Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”

Meiosis – division error Chromosome pair

Meiosis error - fertilization Should the gamete with the chromosome pair be fertilized then the offspring will not be ‘normal’. In humans this often occurs with the 21st pair – producing a child with Downs Syndrome

21 trisomy – Downs Syndrome Can you see the extra 21st chromosome? Is this person male or female?

This is NOT a tiger with Down syndrome. It is inbred.

Summary Two types of reproduction: -Asexual -Sexual Meiosis occurs in gametes, not somatic cells; it results in genetic diversity Meiosis has 8 parts: Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II