Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s)

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) British Imperialism: An ideology (way of thinking) that the mother country should keep links with colonies. These links can be political and/or economic. The links can be forms of control. In Canada (early 1900s), England still controls Canada’s external affairs England wants to keep the largest Empire  keep links with colonies

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) England keeps economic ties with its colonies. England demands the colonies remain loyal  help fight during times of war…

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) Canadian Nationalism: Canadian ideology (mostly an English Canadian thing) Defended by Wilfred Laurier British ideas were good things (parliament system) But, Canada should be independent of England and not a colony / dominion Rejects a certralized government in London where decisions are made

Wilfred Laurier

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) Canadian Nationalism: Mostly English speaking people with a tolerence for French Canadians in Quebec

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) French Canadian Nationalism (1890-1920): An ideology that opposes British Imperialism (Canada is more important than England seperate from England) Idea defended by Henri Bourassa (moderate thinker) He derended the rights of French Canadians in Quebec and the rest of Canada Bilingualism/biculturalism in Canada (English / French))

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) EXTREME French Canadian NAtionalism Ideology defended by Lionel Groulx Protection of the French language and Catholic religion Important  stay on the farm French Canadian tradition  AGRICULTURISM The idea that Quebec is the « homeland » of French Canadians is becoming widespread

Henri Bourassa

Lionel Groulx

Imperialism and Nationalism: in Canada (early 1900s) Between 1899-1920, the ideas of imperialism, Canadian nationalism and French Canadian nationalism will be on a collision course…

Greenway-Laurier compromise/ Manitoba schools question 1896  Manitoba  mostly English population Manitoba premier, Thomas Greenway took away French educaion All over Canada  French Canadian population unhappy Laurier interviens compromise with Greenway

Greenway-Laurier compromise/ Manitoba schools question The compromise: No money for French education in Manitoba ½ hour of French education each day French schools where enough students who wanted French No one is happy with the compromise… After 1905  similar scenarios in Ontario and Saskatchewan

One room school house in Manitoba

The Boer War 1899 England was involved in a war in South Africa agaisnt the Boers England wanted support from the Empire  send troops The Boer war created a division between English and French Canadians

Boer war – South Africa

Boer war – South Africa Lots of English Canadians wanted to support England These same canadians wanted Laurier to send troops to South Africa

Boer war – South Africa French Canadians do not agree The Boer war has no connection to Canada Why sacrafice our lives for England?

Boer war – South Africa Laurier has to make a decision  send trrops or not…? Result = compromise Laurier only send volunteer troops (about 7000) Soldiers are the responsibility of England ($$$) FC think Laurier did too much for England

The 1st World War 1914-1918 By 1914  Robert Borden is the new Prime minister of Canada In 1914, Germany attacked the allies of England, so England declared war with Germany Canada had to lend support to England

Canada’s contribution in WWI 1914  Lots of Canadian men volunteered to go and fight in Europe The « Homefront »  what was happening in Canada Factories started making supplies for the war (ammunition, weapons, clothing, etc.) Women are working in the factories Canada is making lots of food for England Rationning

Results ($$$) of Canada’s involvement in WWI Canadian debt  Borden creates income tax to help cover debt ‘Victory bonds’ Lots of industries became rich off the war Almost 0% unemployment during the wartime.

WWI and Conscription in Canada First Canadian soldiers (WWI) are volunteers: 40% English Canadians 55% Immigrants from England living in Canada 5% French Canadians

WWI and Conscription in Canada Frenc Canadians didn’t want to join the army because: WWI  English war  not for Canada to be involved Difficult time speaking English and communicating with English soldiers Only English speaking soldiers got promotions within the army Trench warfare = HORRIBLE

WWI and Conscription in Canada In 1917  Canada needs to send replacement soldiers  volunteer soldiers Borden passes a law for conscription CONSCRIPTION = enrolement in the army BY LAW

WWI and Conscription in Canada Opinions on Conscription: FC  NO! This is an imperialist war Canada has no place in this war! EC YES! Figt for Canada and England! Riots in Montreal when conscription is announced

WWI and Conscription in Canada Henri Bourassa: Against conscription Defend the rights of FC  WWI is a British war! Germany is no threat to Canada Canada is still divided between English Canada and French Canada

Expressions of Nationalism How were ideas of nationalism expressed (end of the 1800s to 1920s)? Newspaper, monthly news letter, books, art Canadian and French Canadian nationalists used published newspapers to publish their ideas

Expressions of Nationalism Newspapers like ‘Le Nationaliste’ helped public figures like Henri Bourassa  express ideas In 1910, Bourassa starts the paper, ‘Le Devoir’  a way for him to express his FC ideas.

Expressions of Nationalism « Notre nationalisme a nous est le nationalisme canadien fondé sur la dualité des races et sur les traditions particulières que cette dualité comporte. Nous travaillons au développement du patriotisme canadien….garantie de l’existence de deux races et du respecte mutuel qu’elle doivent…La patrie pour nous [les Canadiens-français] c’est le Canada tout entier…c’est la nation canadienne, composée des Canadiens-français et des Canadiens-anglais…sépares par la langue et la religion…dans un commun attachement a la patrie commune » -Henri Bourassa, Le Nationaliste, 4 avril, 1904

Expressions of Nationalism

Ultramontanism Vs. Anticlericalism Ultramontanisme = Church should hold more power than the state Anticlericalisme = idea that the Catholic Church (in Quebec) should not hold power Anticléricalisme started in the last half of the 1800s ‘Anticleristes’ founded ‘L’institue Canadien’  a group that had liberal ideas against the control of the Catolic church  Seperation of church and state