PHYS 1442 – Section 004 Lecture #2 Wednesday January 15, 2014 Dr. Andrew Brandt Introduction CH 16 --Coulomb’s Law --Electric Field --Electric Dipole Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Announcements a)more than ¼ of the class has gotten started on mastering physics HW due Tues 21th. Next Hw due 28th will be posted soon b) if I send an email please read it c)Lab starts next week. my only association with the lab is I get your final lab grade at end of semester. d) read ahead Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Why Do Physics? Exp.{ Theory { To understand nature through experimental observations and measurements (Research) Establish limited number of fundamental laws, usually with mathematical expressions Explain and predict nature Theory and Experiment work hand-in-hand Theory generally works under restricted conditions Discrepancies between experimental measurements and theory are good for improvement of theory Modern society is based on technology derived from detailed understanding of physics Theory { Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Quiz (lets’ find out how many read ch 16) Did you read any of CH. 16? 2) Are my lecture notes on blackboard? 3) Have you used Clickers before? 4) Do you think we should get them for this class? Cost a problem? 5) If you double the charge on each of two equal magnitude charges and also double the distance between them, what happens to the electric force between them? Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Static Electricity and Electric Charge Electricity is from Greek word elecktron=amber, a petrified tree resin that attracts matter if rubbed Static Electricity: an amber effect An object can become charged due to rubbing Example: Rub feet on carpet and zap your little sister (Amber), if she’s not alert Two types of electric charge Like charges repel while unlike charges attract Ben referred to the charge on a glass rod as positive, arbitrarily (and as it turns out incorrectly). Thus the charge that attracts a glass rod is negative.  This convention is still used. Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Charge and Its Conservation Franklin argued that when a certain amount of charge is produced on one body in a process, an equal amount of opposite type of charge is produced on another body. The positive and negative are treated algebraically so that during any process the net change in the amount of produced charge is 0. This is the law of conservation of electric charge. The net amount of electric charge produced in any process is ZERO!! If one object or one region of space acquires a positive charge, then an equal amount of negative charge will be found in neighboring areas or objects. No violations have ever been observed. This conservation law is as firmly established as that of energy or momentum. Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Electric Charge in the Atom It has been understood through the past century that an atom consists of A positively charged heavy core  What is the name? This core is the nucleus and consists of neutrons and protons. Many negatively charged light particles surround the core  What is the name of these light particles? These are called electrons How many of these? So what is the net electrical charge of an atom? Zero!!! Electrically neutral!!! As many as the number of protons!! Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Insulators and Conductors Picture two metal balls, one of which is charged What will happen if they are connected by A metallic object? Charge is transferred, until the charge is evenly distributed These objects are called conductors of electricity. A wooden object? No charge is transferred These objects are called insulators. Metals are generally good conductors whereas most other materials are insulators. Atomically, conductors have loosely bound electrons while insulators have tightly bound electrons! Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Coulomb’s Law Charges exert force on each other. What factors affect the magnitude of this force? Charles Coulomb figured this out in 1780’s. Coulomb found that the electrical force is Proportional to the product of the two charges If one of the charges is doubled, the force doubles. If both of the charges are doubled, the force quadruples. Inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them. Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter, just like mass. How would you put this into a formula? Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Coulomb’s Law – The Formula Is Coulomb force a scalar quantity or a vector quantity? Unit? A vector quantity. Newtons Direction of electric (Coulomb) force is always along the line joining the two objects. If two charges have the same sign: forces are directed away from each other. If two charges are of opposite sign: forces are directed toward each other. Coulomb’s Law is accurate to 1 part in 1016. Unit of charge is called Coulomb, C, in SI. The value of the proportionality constant, k, in SI units is Thus, if two 1C charges were placed 1m apart the force would be 9x109N. Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Coulomb’s Law – The Movie Just kidding? Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

and Gravitational Force Electric Force and Gravitational Force Extremely Similar Does the electric force look similar to another force? What is it? Gravitational Force What are the sources of the forces? Electric Force: Charge, fundamental property of matter Gravitational Force: Mass, fundamental property of matter What else is similar? Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the sources of the force  What is this kind law called? Inverse Square Law What is different? Gravitational force is always attractive. Electric force depends on the sign of the two charges. Magnitude Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Example Which charge exerts greater force? Two positive point charges, Q1=50mC and Q2=1mC, are separated by a distance L. Which is larger in magnitude, the force that Q1 exerts on Q2 or the force that Q2 exerts on Q1? What is the force that Q1 exerts on Q2? What is the force that Q2 exerts on Q1? Therefore the magnitudes of the two forces are identical! Is there any difference? The direction. What is the direction? Opposite to each other! What is this law? Newton’s third law, the law of action and reaction Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Vector Problems Calculate magnitude of vectors Split vectors into x and y components and add these separately, using diagram to help determine sign Calculate magnitude of resultant |F|=(Fx2+Fy2) Use = tan-1(Fy/Fx) to get angle Example on board Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Vector Additions and Subtractions Triangular Method: One can add vectors by connecting the tip of one vector to the tail of the other (tip-to-tail) Parallelogram method: Connect the tails of the two vectors and extend Addition is commutative: Changing order of operation does not affect the results A+B=B+A, A+B+C+D+E=E+C+A+B+D A A+B A+B B A+B OR = B B A A Subtraction: The same as adding a negative vector:A - B = A + (-B) A -B A-B A Multiplication by a scalar increases the magnitude A, B=2A B=2A Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Example for Vector Addition A force of 20.0N applies to north while another force of 35.0N applies in the direction 60.0o west of north. Find the magnitude and direction of resultant force. N E F2sin60o F2 F F2cos60o 60o 20 F1 θ Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Components and Unit Vectors Coordinate systems are useful in expressing vectors in their components y (+,+) Fy (Fx,Fy) }Components F Fx (-,+) θ x } Magnitude (-,-) (+,-) Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Unit Vectors Unit vectors inddicate the directions of the components Dimensionless Magnitudes are exactly 1 Unit vectors are usually expressed in i, j, k or So the vector F can be re-written as Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt

Announcements Monday is a holiday so next class is Weds. 22nd What Holiday? Read Ch. 16 before next class Enroll in Mastering Physics and do first “welcome” assignment Read Book, Do HW, Go to Lab, Learn Physics Good grade will follow Weds., Jan. 15, 2014 PHYS 1442-004, Dr. Andrew Brandt