Amazing videos to help with this if you want to cover this content in more detail: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIJK3dwCWCw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DFN4IBZ3rI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rd2cf5hValM

Adaptive Immunity Must be introduced to a specific pathogen and recognize it as a threat before it can handle it Has the ability to remember specific pathogens so that the body can achieve immunity Babies are not born with adaptive immunity, and it takes time to develop. Babies that are breastfed receive antibodies from the mother’s breastmilk, but they still have to develop their own immune system for after they are no longer breastfed.

Humoral Immunity Humoral Immunity = dispatches antibodies (proteins) B lymphocyte (B cells) = WBC that are made and mature in the bone marrow Distinguish between good and bad cells Some become effector cells to fight off infection Have tons of Rough ER to mass produce antibodies (2,000/sec!!) Some become memory cells so that the body won’t forget how to fight this in the future Happens naturally – like when you pick up the flu at school – but also happens artificially – such as when you receive a vaccination.

Cellular Immunity Cellular Immunity = Cellular defenses when the pathogens have made their way through the cell membrane T lymphocyte (T cells) = WBCs that mature in the thymus and act as a “special forces unit” in your cells that cause inflammation, activate macrophages, and regulate the immune response Main two types: Helper T Cells: activate cells that there is a problem, gets the Killer T cells going Killer T Cells: kill cells that go bad Also known as “Cell-Mediated Response” or “Cellular Immune Response” Pictures show a T-Cell graphic vs. a 3D illustration

Treatment Antibiotics: treat bacterial illnesses Target specific bacterial structures to kill them 1st made from fungus (penicillin), now most are artificial Major issue = antibiotic resistance Antivirals: treat viral illnesses Don’t “kill” the virus, just shortens the length of symptoms Usually only prescribed to patients with life-threatening symptoms

Prevention Vaccination: substances used to stimulate your immune system to guard against attack Used to prevent viral and bacterial diseases Expose immune system to antigens before infection Trick immune system to make antibodies that your body will remember how to make if the real thing invades later to decrease response time

Prevention Vaccinations are made from a weakened virus, inactivated virus, or part of a virus/bacteria These stimulate the immune system to react, preparing the body for future invasions Vaccines work because of herd immunity When enough people are vaccinated, the microbes aren’t able to spread Herd immunity is also often referred to as “community immunity” Great 5-minute video on this that has a very clear illustration of it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLUzwT9tWxY

Failure Autoimmune disorders Allergic reactions Some viral diseases (like AIDs) damage the immune system  the body unable to deal with infectious agents and cancerous cells. Allergic reactions When the body’s immune system overreacts to usually harmless environmental substances Continued overreaction can result in hypersensitivity to certain substances Overactive immune systems Some diseases can cause the body to attack itself (Ex. Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MS) These are just a few examples of ways our immune systems can not function properly.