Stnd: 1.f & 1.g C-Notes: How Energy Cycles Carbon (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration) 12/3/13 SWBAT explain how carbon atoms are found in living things and how sugar can be used for energy production in cellular respiration and serve as building blocks of amino acids and lipids. Objective:

What is Carbon? An element in the Periodic Table The basis of all life on Earth Found Everywhere (Rocks, Ocean, Living things, Atmosphere)

How is Carbon Cycled on Earth through Biological Processes? In the atmosphere, the same carbon atoms are used repeatedly/cycled on earth. The Biological processes: Photosynthesis (making sugar) Cellular Respiration (breaking down sugar for energy) Decomposition (dying) of plants and animals to return carbon back to the atmosphere

How do Carbon play a role in –Plants? Plants take in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to build Carbohydrates (sugar)/Food during a process called Photosynthesis. The carbon then becomes part of the plant as stored food/energy  (C6H12O6 )  Glucose (sugar)

How does Carbon play a role in Animals? When organisms eat the plants, the carbohydrates (Sugar), carbon based (C6H12O6 ) Molecules are broken down by ATP. ATP is also used to create even more ATP at the end of Cellular Respiration The broken down Carbon parts are used as building blocks for other molecules such as amino acids (proteins) and lipids. When organisms exhale, they release Carbon Dioxide (CO2) back into the atmosphere so plants can reuse the carbon for photosynthesis (making glucose/food) Sugar

What is ATP? (Adenosine TriphosPhate) ATP is created originally when sunlight energy is collected in plants through photosynthesis and changed into chemical energy, ATP during Cellular Respiration. ATP is used to provide the energy needed to build other carbon based molecules such as lipids, polymers of amino acids and other simple sugars including Ribose (5-Carbon sugar) contained in Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA) .

What is Photosynthesis? The process by which light energy is absorbed, in the Chloroplast of plants, and converted to the chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of sugar molecules  Glucose (C6H12O6 )

Sunlight What is the Chemical Reaction Formula for Photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 carbon + 6 waters  1 Glucose + 6 oxygen dioxides  Reactant (What is Needed) Product (What is Produced)

Where does the chemical reaction of Photosynthesis? In the plant cells of leaves, the chlorophyll molecule (green pigment) in chloroplasts (organelle) captures sunlight (light energy) Only in Plants and some Protist (amoeba)

How does Photosynthesis occur? 2 Main Stages (steps) Light Reaction (Light Dependent Reaction) capture sunlight energy Splits H2O into O2 Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction) use energy from light reaction to fix CO2 into carbohydrates (C6H12O6)

What is Cellular Respiration? The overall process to convert energy stored in the bonds of glucose (sugar: C6H12O6) to make useable energy, stored in carbon based molecule called ATP. 2 Types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration Requires Oxygen (O2) in order to occur Examples: Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain This process occurs in the Mitochondria of BOTH Plants and Animal Cell. Anaerobic Respiration Process that does not require oxygen to occur Alcoholic Fermentation (plant cells) 2 ATP made Lactic Acid fermentation (animal cells) Glycolysis This occurs in the Cytoplasm of BOTH Plants and Animal Cell (anything outside the mitochondria)

(stuff needed)  (stuff given off) C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP 1 Glucose + 6 oxygen  6 carbon + 6 water + energy dioxide (Carbohydrate) What is the Chemical Reaction Formula for Cellular Respiration? Reactant Product (stuff needed)  (stuff given off)

3 Steps for Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (System) How does Cellular Respiration occur? (Aerobic Respiration)

(oxygen is not required) What happens during Glycolysis? (step 1) Process Occurs in the Cytoplasm 2 ATP are used to break down 1 glucose (6-C sugar) molecule in the cytoplasm form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid/pyruvate (3-C sugar), 2 ATP and energy carrier. Net gain of 2 ATP molecules (total of 4 ATP but b/c 2 ATP was used in the beginning to break down the original glucose) (oxygen is not required)

How does the Kreb Cycle occur? (stage 2) Pyruvic Acid from glycolysis is carried by an energy carrier to the Matrix of the Mitochondria to form 2 more ATP (energy), 2 NADH (energy carriers), and release Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (oxygen is required during the process)

How does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur? (stage 3) Energy from the breakdown of glucose in Glycolysis and Kreb Cycle is transported to the ETC by energy carriers. Each of the “Energy Carriers” loses elections during this transport and falls down an energy gradient (Chemiosmotic Gradient) to produce 32 ATP and 1 molecule of water (Oxygen is required Intermembrane space Cristae Matrix

1 C6H12O6 = 36 ATP What is the end product of all 3 steps? For every glucose molecule that goes through cellular respiration, 36 ATP are produced 1 C6H12O6 = 36 ATP

CO2 & H2O Cell Respiration Photosynthesis O2 & Food