Glycolsis Animation Links: http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html Citric Acid Cycle Animation Links: http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html Electron Transport Animation Links: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter9/animations.html# http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120071/bio11.swf::Electron%20Transport%20System%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html Chemiosmosis Animation Links http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.swf https://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/atpsynthasemechanism.html (click “Make ATP”)

Quick lesson: how cells get protons and electrons alone + - Hydrogen H + H+ or just called a Proton - H- or just an Electron = e-

New Molecule to learn: NAD+ NADH e- Empty Pair of electons NAD+ / NADH shuttles electrons in many biochemical reactions (like vesicles it transports). Another called FAD / FADH2 works in a similar fashion carrying electrons.

Cellular Respiration: How eukaryotic cells make ATP How plants/animals use food to make energy The overall chemical reaction: (REACTANTS)  (PRODUCTS) Oxygen + Food  Carbon dioxide + Water + ENERGY O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + ATP (glucose) 6 O2 + C6H12O6  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP (glucose) (36~38)

Stage 3: Electron transport (Oxidative phosphorylation) Electrons carried via NADH Stage 1: Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Stage 2: Krebs Cycle Stage 3: Electron transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation) 34 ATP Oxidative Happens in Mitochondria Matrix Cytoplasm Happens in Mitochondria’s Inner Membrane

Glucose (C6H12O6) 2 NAD+ NADH Stage 1: Glycolysis Glycolysis: IN IN Glycolysis: In the cytoplasm 2 ATP (net gain ) OUT OUT 2 Pyruvates C NADH ( e- carriers full) C C CoA Acetyl CoA ( x 2) “Finishing Touches”

Stage 2: Krebs Cycle (C.A.C) 6 NAD+ and 2 FAD C CoA Acetyl CoA ( x 2) IN IN Krebs Cycle: In Mitochondria Matrix (cycle goes twice) Must cycle once for each Acetyl CoA 2 ATP OUT OUT OUT 6 NADH and FADH2 “Oxaloacetate” ( x 2) CO2 (Waste Product) C C ( e- carriers full again )

WARNING: Now the tricky part: the carbon product “Oxaloacetate”is no longer important to the reaction. What IS important is all the e- carriers (NADH & FADH2) that have been filled up. These are what trigger the 3rd stage

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation) 8 NADH and FADH2 O2 e- transport chain: In Mitochondria membrane 8 NAD+ and FAD H2O 34 ATP ( e- carriers empty)

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain Key Points -The electron (e-) transport chain in the mitochondria (inner) membrane creates a concentration gradient of protons outside in Inner membrane space - In the last part of the e- transport chain Oxygen (O2) takes the electron and with 2 protons (H+) makes water H2O If there is no O2 then e- transport chain stops and no protons are moved across membrane so no ATP gets made. Protons can only re-cross through 1 enzyme: “ATP Synthase” ATP Synthase turns as protons re-cross the inner membrane and this physical turning generates energy to bind: ATP ADP + P 

Glycolsis Animation Links: http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html Citric Acid Cycle Animation Links: http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html Electron Transport Animation Links: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter9/animations.html# http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html Chemiosmosis Animation Links http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/Common/respiration.html (click “Make ATP”)