Cardiovascular response to exercise

Exercise is a physical stress to which the body is daily encountered Exercise is a physical stress to which the body is daily encountered. In fact, if some of the extremes of exercise were continued for even moderately prolonged periods, they might be lethal.

example: In a person who has extremely high fever approaching the level of lethality, the body metabolism increases to about 100 per cent above normal. By comparison, the metabolism of the body during a marathon race may increase to 2000 per cent above normal.

Testosterone secreted by the male testes has a powerful anabolic effect in causing greatly increased deposition of protein everywhere in the body, but especially in the muscles. In fact, even a male who participates in very little sports activity will have muscles that grow about 40 per cent larger than those of a comparable female without the testosterone.

The female sex hormone estrogen probably also accounts for some of the difference between female and male performance, although not nearly so much as testosterone. Estrogen is known to increase the deposition of fat in the female, especially in the breasts, hips, and subcutaneous tissue. The average nonathletic female has about 27 per cent body fat composition, in contrast to the nonathletic male, who has about 15 per cent.  

Exercise is classified according to different classifications: According to movement Dynamic (isotonic) exercise Static (isometric) exercise According to metabolism Aerobic exercise Anaerobic exercise   According to intensity ( mild, moderate, sever exercise)

Static exercise – also known as isometrics, exert muscles at high intensities without movement of the joints. Dynamic exercises – These involve slow and controlled movements through a complete range of motion. Dynamic exercise activities keep joints and muscles moving.

Aerobic exercise Aerobic exercise (cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends on the aerobic energy- generating process. "Aerobic" means requiring free oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. examples of cardiovascular or aerobic exercise are medium to long distance running or swimming, bicycling, and walking.

Anaerobic exercise anaerobic means “without air" or "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is short-lasting, high-intensity activity, where the body’s demand for oxygen exceeds the oxygen supply available. relies on energy sources that are stored in the muscles and, unlike aerobic exercise, is not dependent on oxygen from (breathing) the air. Examples of anaerobic exercise include: heavy weight-lifting, jumping rope, hill climbing.

Cardiovascular response to exercise includes the following:   Increase heart rate Increase stroke volume. Increase cardiac output (C.O). Thus, the normal untrained person can increase C.O a little over fourfold, and the well trained athlete can increase output about six fold. Normal C.O at rest is about 5 L/min.

4. Increase blood pressure ( Systolic increase, diastolic maintained or decrease). 5. Increase blood flow (resting B.F is 3.6 ml/100 gm muscle mass/min. and B.F during maximal exercise is 90 ml). 6. Increase venous return.

Athletic heart syndrome Is a non-pathological condition in which the human heart is enlarged, and the resting heart rate is lower than normal. Bradycardia is a slower than normal heartbeat, at around 40–60 beats per minute. Cardiomegaly is the state of an enlarged heart Athlete's heart is common in athletes who routinely exercise more than an hour a day.