Early Cold War, Truman, & Eisenhower (1945-1960) 1945—1960 Chapters 31 & 33— PART 1 OF 5 Early Cold War, Truman, & Eisenhower (1945-1960) 1945—1960

Sputnik The space race began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviets launched Sputnik (the first satellite into space). Transformed the world and forced the United States to get a satellite into orbit.

Soviets in Space The first man in space was the Soviet cosmonaut (Yuri Gagarin) in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The capsule orbited the Earth and then parachuted to Earth.

National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA)— Created by Congress to coordinate space-related efforts by the United States. Mercury Program astronaut John Glenn was the first American in space (February 20, 1962) and his spacecraft made three orbits.

Apollo Program The Apollo Moon Program began under President Kennedy’s “New Frontier” and followed the Mercury missions. Apollo 11 landed on the moon (July 20, 1969). Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon.

Domino Theory Domino Theory— Belief that if one country fell to the Communist forces than its neighbors would also fall to communism (e.g. French Indochina). In 1945, Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese communist leader) fought the French for control of Vietnam. The United States provided military aid to France, but French forces lost to communist forces in 1954.

Domino Theory Vietnam divided into Communist North and anti-Communist South. The United States provided aid to South Vietnam beginning in 1954 which would set up the nation for a war.

Domino Theory

Cuba In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista (a corrupt dictator) and established a Communist government. Castro seized American property resulting in a United States embargo on Cuba and severing of diplomatic ties.

Worrying About Communists at Home The Cold War at Home Worrying About Communists at Home Main Idea: Americans began to fear that communists in the United States were working for the Soviet Union, and Congress started investigations of potential communists. Spy Cases Worry Americans Main Idea: Spy trials attracted public attention and drew awareness to the threat of communist agents working against the United States. Alger Hiss’s case and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial were two controversial cases that received national interest.

McCarthy Uses Ruthless Tactics The Cold War at Home McCarthy Uses Ruthless Tactics Main Idea: Senator McCarthy became chairman of an investigations committee against potential communists, were he spent years making reckless accusations that often discredited people. 11

Second “Red Scare” Smith Act of 1940- Unlawful to overthrow the federal government (limited certain civil liberties). House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)- Charged Hollywood personalities with being members of the Communist party. Hollywood Ten- Cited for contempt of Congress and served jail terms ranging from six months to a year. Blacklist- List of people whom employers agreed not to hire who were accused of being communists.

Spy Cases Alger Hiss- State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets and executed in 1953. Alger Hiss Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

McCarthy Era Joseph R. McCarthy- Republican Senator who indicated that the State Department was full of communists (including Secretary of State George Marshall) and Congressional hearings which were televised. Americans saw him as a bully and labeled his extreme tactics of anticommunism as McCarthyism.

Progress Monitoring Transparency PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Answer C A

“The Cold War” (p. 2) 5. How did fear of communism affect American society during the Cold War? Fear of communism made United States citizens willing to limit certain civil liberties in the effort to protect the nation from communist espionage.

“The Cold War” (p. 1) 3. What methods did the United States use in its global struggle against the Soviet Union in the early years of the Cold War? The United States did the following in its global struggle against the Soviet Union: Expanded its nuclear arsenal. Practiced brinkmanship. Used the CIA to gather information. Sent troops into “hot spots” around the world in support of the Eisenhower Doctrine.