IWM & LCA Conference Prague, April 2004 Energy Footprint Analysis: Waste Management Options for the Processing of the Paper and Card Fraction of Household Waste IWM & LCA Conference Prague, April 2004 Paul Dacombe, V. Krivtsov, C. Banks, S. Heaven School of Civil Engineering & the Environment, University of Southampton, UK

Main Features of Paper/Card Model Based on the city of Southampton, UK Energy “footprint” of waste management options Model split up into inter-linked sub-models: Stage 1 Transport (Household to Paper/Card Bank) Stage 2 Transport (Paper/Card Bank to WTS/waste merchant) Kerbside Collection (“PaperChain” & Dry Recyclables) Materials Recovery Facility Stage 3 Transport (WTS/merchant/MRF to Paper Mill) Paper/Cardboard, etc. Manufacture Refuse Collection & Landfill Transfer Incineration

Main Findings from the Research Recycling via Paper/Card Banks: 8.7% reduction at maximum recycling rate compared to base-case 11.0% (compared to no recycling) Via PaperChain Scheme (with fixed banks tonnage): 5.1% (base-case) 7.6% (no recycling) Via Dry Recyclables Scheme (fixed banks tonnage): 8.75% (base-case) 11.1% (no recycling) Recycling of paper/card with incineration of the residual waste stream would be the preferred waste management option