Metals & Non-Metals Ms. Everett

Elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current. This is the majority of the elements on the periodic table. Definition of Metal

1. Malleable: material that can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets or other shapes.  what are some common ones? 2. Ductile: material that can be pulled out, or drawn, into a long wire.  common ones? 3. Conductive: ability to transfer heat and electric current. Physical properties

Some metals are also magnetic: ability to attract and repel forces. All metals are solids at room temperature, except mercury (which is a liquid). Physical properties

1. Reactivity: how easily or quickly a substance reacts with other substances. Most reactive metals found on the left side of the periodic table, and less reactive going left to right. Chemical properties

2. Corrosion: The gradual wearing away of a metal due to a chemical reaction. Example: Iron is somewhat reactive  iron oxide is rust. (Iron plus oxygen) Chemical properties

From Li down to Fr. Lose one electron to react. Not found alone in nature because too reactive. Shiny and soft Na--> seawater, salt beds, food K--> food and electric current in body Group 1: alkali metals

Group 2: Alkaline-earth metals Beryllium down to Radium. Gray-White, hard, and good conductors Lose 2 electrons to react. Less reactive than group 1, but more reactive than other metals. Mg mixed with Al for airplanes, ladders, and wheel rims Ca bones, muscles, teeth Group 2: Alkaline-earth metals

Transition Metals Groups 3 through 12. Familiar metals (copper, iron, nickel, gold) Hard, shiny, good conductors, colorful compounds formed Less reactive than groups 1 and 2 Ex: gold used in jewelry because won’t rust/react Still, most never found uncombined (must be extracted) Cadmium red paint, Cobalt blue paint. Chromium green paint Transition Metals

Only some of the elements here are metals. Never uncombined (must be extracted) Most familiar: Al, Tin, Lead Sn coats steel to prevent corrosion Al cans, rocketships Pb auto batteries and weights for balancing tires Groups 13-15

First row (on top) under the periodic table. Mixed with common metals to make alloys Some rare ones are used to make very strong magnets. Lanthanides

Actinides Second row (bottom row) under periodic table. Only Ac, Th, U and Pa occur naturally on Earth Uranium used for nuclear power. Very unstable break apart easily (may only last a fraction of a second after made) Actinides

Synthetic elements Elements with more than 92 protons. Made in a lab by forcing nuclear particles to crash into one another. Particle Accelerators: move atomic nuclei faster and faster until they’re reached very high speeds to make heavier elements. More difficult the larger the elements become. Synthetic elements

Particle accelerator

Non-metals and Semimetals

Nonmetals An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal. Poor conductors of heat and electricity Dull and brittle Nonmetals

Gases at room temperature: oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen, noble gases Solids at room temperature: carbon, iodine, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium Liquid at room temperature: bromine Physical properties

Non-metal + Metal  lose an electron to form a bond. Ex: NaCl Non-metal + non-metal  share electrons to form a bond. Ex: H2O 80% of Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen gas, N2 Chemical properties

Fun facts O2  oxygen gas, what you breathe O3  ozone collects in upper atmosphere to shield from radiation from the sun, but highly reactive at ground level Sulfur  rotten egg smell, rubber bands, tires, sulfuric acid

Halogens Group 17 elements. “halogen” means salt-forming VERY REACTIVE (pure are dangerous to humans) Ex: fluorine gas, or chlorine gas When make compounds, they are useful! C+ F  non-stick pans F compounds fluoride in toothpaste Ca + Cl  salt for roads when they’re icy Ag + Br  film Na + Cl  table salt Halogens

Noble gases Group 18 Do not form bonds not reactive Some will kind of form bonds (very rare and done in a lab) Ne Lights Xenon headlights on cars Helium in balloons All in Earth’s atmosphere all the time Noble gases

Hydrogen Makes up more than 90% of the atoms in the universe, but only 1% of the mass of Earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere. Rarely pure (usually in a compound like H2O) Not like other elements so it’s alone on the table.

Semimetals Some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals Also called “metalloids” Most common: Silicon (silicon oxide is glass) Temperature and light affect how well these conduct electricity which are good for us! Computer chips, transistors, lasers Ex: Ge, Arsenic, Si

All finished! Fill out the review questions and turn into your class period’s tray.