Plants Module 13

Plants share common characteristics Photosynthetic autotrophs (use the sun’s energy to make sugar/glucose) Multicellular (made of eukaryotic cells) Producers (are the base of the food web in ecosystems)

Plant Classification 2 major categories: Non-vascular (no tubes / vessels) Vascular (tubes/vessels for transport)

Plant Classification Vascular plants are further divided Seedless (use spores for reproduction) Seeded (use seeds for reproduction)

Plant Classification Seed plants are further divided Gymnosperms (seeds in cones) Angiosperms (seeds in fruits that develop from flowers)

STERNGRR Processes Synthesis: Photosynthesis used to make food Protein synthesis Chloroplasts

STERNGRR Processes Transport: Non-vascular plants use osmosis Vascular plants have xylem to transport water and phloem to transport food (in vascular bundle / vein) FOOD WATER

STERNGRR Processes Excretion: Tiny openings in the leaf called stomata allow gas exchange; regulated by guard cells Wastes may be stored in leaves that fall off in autumn

STERNGRR Processes Respiration: Use oxygen and sugar to produce ATP for energy

STERNGRR Processes Nutrition: Sugar produced in photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration or stored for later use.

STERNGRR Processes Growth and Development: Seeds germinate to start the process of development into a new plant

STERNGRR Processes Asexual Reproduction: Occurs through the process of vegetative propagation

STERNGRR Processes Spores: Produced by non-vascular and seedless vascular plants for reproduction

STERNGRR Processes Seeds: Found in cones in gymnosperms Found in fruits that develop from flowers in angiosperms

STERNGRR Processes Flowers: Male parts Stamen - anther and filament Female parts Pistil – stigma, style and ovary

STERNGRR Processes Flowers: Pollination occurs when pollen (male) is transferred to the stigma (female) Fertilization occurs when a sperm (in pollen) meets egg (in ovary)

STERNGRR Processes Regulation Hormones – regulate growth and control responses to stimuli (Ex. auxin, cytokinen, ethylene) Tropisms – growth responses to external stimuli

Plant Adaptations - Leaf Cuticle Surface area Carnivorous Protection

Plant Adaptations - Stem Tuber Succulent Tendrils Runners

Plant Adaptations - Root Taproot Fibrous Roots Root hairs