What do you need to Industrialize? The 6 Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution

Efficient Agriculture Not everyone needs to farm to survive Enclosure Primogeniture - 1st born inherits land New crops from the New World Farms able to harvest vast surplus and sell it Stable Government Supports economic liberalism People are free to invest and make money w/o government intervention CAPITALISM Entrepreneurs take risks Willing to impose tariffs Prevent strikes & outlaw unions

4. Capital – money to invest 3. Resources Coal Iron Near Water Lakes, rivers and oceans Roads 4. Capital – money to invest Could come from colonies Entrepreneurs with nowhere else to invest Primogeniture frees younger sons to invest Demand Having a dense population that is making money and ready to buy manufactured items

So China has an Industrial Revolution then, right?

Ming China (1348 – 1644) Efficient Agriculture – YES Resources – YES Highly productive agriculture World’s largest most diversified economy Resources – YES Rebuilt transportation networks along the Grand Canal to ship throughout China Cotton from North China supported textiles Silk Tea Exported to Japan and SE Asia for silver and spices

Stable Government – YES 4. Technology – YES Educated political administration 4. Technology – YES Color woodblock print Textile equiptment Cotton gins, spinning wheels Scientific books Other factors – Retreat and Problems Crop failures led to famine Plague Army to defend Korea and Japan Peasant rebellions made it easy for Manchus to conquer

Qing Dynasty (1644 – 1912) Efficient Agriculture – YES Spain brought new crops China improved rice production Resources and Transportation – YES Grand Canal and Yangzi River become commercial hub Made China a political power Strong Army Stable Government – YES Retained educated bureaucracy and value of Confucianism Support of the Gentry

Economic Liberalism – NO 4. Demand - YES By 1750 = ¼ of the world’s population Demand of the world economy Porcelain, cotton, textiles, silk, tea, etc. Production increases as European demand increases Economic Liberalism – NO Capitalism and Industrialization did not develop

So Why Not China?

Continuity of Chinese Traditions Bureaucracy dominated by gentry Disliked merchants and their values Merchants lacked political strength Gov. heavily taxed and restricted merchants Guilds regulated by the government Gov. controlled valuable goods Arms, textiles, pottery, silk, etc. Valued agricultural society Merchant ships told to return home Art flourished but intellectually unchanged No labor shortage Neo – Confucianism Increased social rigidity

So Why Europe?

Became the new “pole” Competitive Environment Governments need for money Trouble with taxing Easier to tax things that move Encouraged merchants Benefit of American discovery Increased contact around the world

So Why England Specifically? Conjuncture Point – All the factors coming together at one time in one place

Agriculture Resources Transportation Capital Britain has iron and coal Industrial centers formed around resources Colonies for cotton Transportation Close to the sea Roads/Turnpikes Capital Colonies Primogeniture

Stable and SUPPORTIVE government Constitutional Monarchy Entrepreneurs in government Protective tariffs Single currency Patent Laws Royal Navy 6. Economic Liberalism Free of internal trade barriers Forbid unions Guilds disbanded Supported Enclosure

7. Demand RESULTS Booming population Specialization created markets Industrial output increased some 50% btw 1750 and 1900 Steam Engine Limitless source of power

First and Second Industrial Revolutions First Industrial Revolution – Textiles Second Industrial Revolution Iron and Steel Production Railroads Steamships Food Processing Construction Chemicals Electricity Telegraph and Telephone Rubber Printing Agriculture Mechanical Reapers Fertilizers Pesticides Refrigeration

“In two centuries, daily life changed more than it had in the 7,000 years before.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo&feature=player_embedded&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1