Civil War and Reconstruction SS8H6 b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War, Include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau, sharecropping and tenant farming, Reconstruction plans, 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, Henry McNeal Turner and the Ku Klux Klan.

Confederate fortifications, Yorktown, VA

The War Begins in 1861 In April of 1861, after South Carolina fights to keep Ft. Sumter, four more states secede from the Union and the Confederate States of America, CSA is formed.

Lincoln tries to Preserve the Union Even though he faces opposition, Lincoln focuses on the preservation of the United States, (the Union) He does not agree with slavery but does not want to initially push the issue He takes volunteers and also begins using a draft to build up the army. Both sides think if there is war, it will end quickly

The Confederacy President-Jefferson Davis Vice President- Alexander Stephens (from GA) The cabinet of the Confederate States at Montgomery, 1861 June 1 , Harpers Weekly

Resources of Each Side North South 23 states 22 million people Trained army(small) and navy 22,000 miles of Railroad track 100,000 factories with 1.1 million workers 11 states 9 million people(about 4 million were slaves) No standing army or navy 9,000 miles of Railroad track 20,000 factories with 100,000 workers

Rating the North & the South

Resources: North & the South

War Strategies Northern Southern Anaconda Plan with a blockade of Confederate ports including the Mississippi River (to prevent southern trade with foreign countries) Capture the Confederate capitol of Richmond Destroy the Confederates on the battlefield Lay waste to the land so Southerners would stop supporting the war King Cotton Diplomacy- support from England and France who trade cotton for their textile mills Wear down the invading Union and weaken Northern support for the war Sink Union ships and evade the blockade to continue trading and keep the ports open Win a strategic victory on Union Soil to convince Europe to intervene

Overview of Civil War Strategy: “Anaconda” Plan

WEAPONS Rifle (muzzle loader) calls for a change in tactics, although most leaders are slow to grasp its impact and use Napoleonic tactics (shoulder to shoulder). Rifled and smooth-bore artillery could be mass-produced. Ranges were well over a mile, though accuracy was not great at long ranges

Inventions/ Innovations Telegraph Ironclads Aerial Reconnaissance Gatling Gun Railway Canned food Paper Money Naval Mines and Torpedoes Submarines Trench Warfare

Typical Civil War Soldiers Confederate Union

Famous leader from the North Became the Commanding General of the United States Army from 1864 to 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Elected the 18th President Graduated West Point in 1843 Spent much of the Civil War in the Western Campaign Aggressor/victor in the Battle of Shiloh and Vicksburg U.S. Grant gen. U.S.A

Sherman, a Northern Leader Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, after capturing Atlanta in 1864, led his “March to the Sea”

Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896,photographer General Robert E. Lee Graduated top in his class from West Point and served on its faculty Spent 32 years in the U.S. Army Asked by Lincoln to serve as Commander of the Union Army Declined this offer when his home State of VA seceded Became senior military advisor to President Davis of the CSA Later became the commander of the Confederate eastern army or “The Army of Northern Virginia” Loved by his troops and considered one of the best military minds of his time Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865

Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson Graduated from West Point in 1846, and served in the U.S. Army Corp commander of the Army of Northern Virginia Gifted and brilliant military mind, became part of the faculty of VA Military Institute Shot at the Battle of Chancellorsville and died eight days later of pneumonia

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

Major Battles 1st Manassas/ 1st Bull Run: thinking an invasion of Richmond would bring a quick end to the war, the Union marches into VA July 21, 1861 Jackson received his famous nickname “Stonewall” from this battle because he stood his ground like a stone wall http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/firstmanassas/first-manassas-maps/bull-run-animated-map/

Battle of Antietam Creek/Sharpsburg, MD One of few battles on Union soil Bloodiest single day of fighting in all of US history Three phases of fighting: corn field, sunken road and Antietam Creek bridge McClellan fails to destroy Lee's army Tactically inconclusive but Lincoln sees it as a positive event because Lee retreats back to VA so he issues his Emancipation Proclamation http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam/maps/antietam-animated-map.html?referrer=http://www.civilwar.org/maps/animated-maps/

Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862 This document ultimately discouraged the British and French governments from helping the Confederacy Lincoln uses his power as “Commander-in-Chief” to free the slaves in the Confederate States; he issued the executive order that the slaves of any state that did not return to the Union would be free Slavery, not preserving the Union, is now a primary reason for fighting the war

The Monitor vs. the Merrimac The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/hampton-roads/maps/hamptonroadsmaps.html

Gettysburg Second battle on Union soil Battle lasted three days, July 1-3, 1863 During the first day of fighting the Confederates were very successful, on the second the Union held their ground and on the third “Pickett’s Charge” was repulsed leaving Lee no other option but to retreat back to Virginia Major turning point in the war due to heavy casualties, the Confederacy never regained enough replacements while the Union had many more men to draft

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/maps/gettysburg-animated-map/?referrer=http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/fort-sumter/fort-sumter-maps/animated-map/

Gettysburg Casualties http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/maps/gettysburg-animated-map/

Gettysburg, Pa. Confederate dead gathered for burial at the edge of the Rose woods, July 5, 1863

Chickamauga, GA September 19–20, 1863 One of the most significant Union defeats Gen. Braxton Bragg should have followed the Union retreat to Chattanooga http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/chickamauga/chickamauga-maps/chickamauga-animated-map/ Federal camp by the Tennessee River,

Kennesaw Mt. and the Atlanta Campaign Battle of Kennesaw Mt. was the last Confederate victory before Atlanta falls fought on June 27, 1864 Johnston blocked Sherman’s path to Atlanta with fortifications on Kennesaw Mt. The Union army eventually went around the Mt. and headed toward Atlanta, an important railroad and supply center for the Confederacy September 2,1864, Atlanta falls to Union forces and this politically helps Lincoln get re-elected http://www.historyanimated.com/AtlantaAnimation.html

Sherman’s March to the Sea After Sherman captured Atlanta he sent his troops through GA to Savannah, Nov.-Dec. 1864 He operated without supply lines and took what he needed along the way, resulting in complete destruction of industry, infrastructure and civilian property (Total War)

Sherman’s March through Georgia` to the Sea, 1864

Andersonville, A Prisoner of War Camp Andersonville was a Confederate POW camp that was overcrowded with too many prisoners and extremely undersupplied which caused many to die. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCdCcC1x3nA

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Deaths in Comparison to Other Wars Civil War in 4 Minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN1VX_g8JZM

Lincoln’s Plan Reconstruction Era Lincoln had a plan to rebuild the south and restore it to the Union It was to be quick and easy Everyone would be pardoned(except high ranking officials) and when 10% of the voters take a loyalty oath the state would be permitted back into the Union Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

President Johnson’s Plan Johnson takes over when Lincoln is assassinated His plan was much like Lincoln’s but expanded the group that would not be granted the general pardon In this group he included large property owners and they had to apply to the president for their pardon Declared that Reconstruction was complete because the war goals were met, national unity and an end to slavery

Radical Republican Plan Congress and the Radical Republicans take over in 1866, (felt it was their job to be in control Reconstruction) They returned the South to military control, and overruled Johnson’s veto Passed the 14th and 15th Amendments By 1877 Army intervention in the South ceases and Republican control collapses

Freedman’s Bureau Key agency during Reconstruction; Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands Initiated by President Lincoln in March of 1865 and intended to last for one year Was part of the War Dept. Designed to help former slaves and poor whites cope with their everyday problems Main job was to help set up work opportunities and supervise labor contracts, as well as help with education and other daily necessities like food and clothing

Making a living doing what they know Sharecropping Tenant Farming Landowners provide the land for farming, the tools, the shelter, the seed, the animals and the fertilizers Worker agrees to share the harvest for the use of the land and the credit of supplies Landowners provide the land for farming and the shelter, the tenant usually owns his own tools and animals Worker agrees to share the harvest for the use of the land and usually makes a little more than a sharecropper because less use of credit is needed

Opposition to the Reconstruction Plans This opposition sometimes took violent measures Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization that tried to prevent the newly freed slaves from exercising their new rights They did this through intimidation, beatings, and murder This appeared in Harper's Weekly January 27, 1872 Three Ku Klux Klan members arrested in Mississippi, September 1871, for the attempted murder of an entire family.

New Amendments 13th Amendment: makes slavery illegal: 1865 14th Amendment: granted citizenship to the freedmen (remember the Dred Scott decision) and forbade any state from discrimination, states could not deny anyone “equal protection of the law”:1868 15th Amendment: gave all male citizens the right to vote (The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude):1870

Military Occupations of Georgia Occupied after Civil War. Georgia ratifies 13th Amendment and begins self-rule and reenters Union Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed by Congress over veto and passes 14th Amendment to ensure its enforcement. Requires southern states to approve. Only Tennessee does and military rule stablished over 10 southern states (including GA) Constitutional Convention of 1867 convened and new constitution drafted. Voters approve in April 1868 and GA once more admitted to Union Rise of violence against blacks. Georgia Act passed in 1869 and military rule once again in GA GA permanently readmitted in July 1870 – the last southern state to do so

Henry McNeal Turner Elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1868, part of the new legislators elected during Reconstruction He and the other black legislators were removed from the legislature on the grounds that the Constitution gave them the right to vote but did not specifically give them the right to hold office. They were reseated in September of 1870.

Review The War began in April of 1861 and ends in April of 1865 Each side creates strategies and the CSA has to create their own government and army Most battles are fought on Confederate soil, many in VA Following the war there is a turbulent period known as Reconstruction The newly freed slaves begin adjusting to freedom with the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau New amendments are passed to enable the freed slaves the ability to enjoy Constitutional Rights