INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

KESHAVA SANJEEV KAREENA SHIVA GROUP MEMBERS KESHAVA SANJEEV KAREENA SHIVA

OBJECTIVE Outline the history of Information Technology. - Brief history of computer hardware and software, Internet and telecommunications; categories by size, cost, and processing ability.

Introduction Information technology has been around for a long, long time. Basically as long as people have been around, information technology has been around because there were always ways of communicating through technology available at that point in time. There are 4 main ages that divide up the history of information technology. Only the latest age (electronic) and some of the electromechanical age really affects us today, but it is important to learn about how we got to the point we are at with technology today.

COMPUTER HARDWARE Computer hardware refers to all the physical components of the computer. Some examples are motherboard, keyboard, mouse, speakers etc.

EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE

Brief History of Computer Hardware There are five different generations of computers. The five generations are: First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS 1946-1959 Large and limited to basic calculation Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used to enter data into these computers. Computers back then were rented for around $16,000/month. These computers were unreliable because they would always heat up and shut down

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS 1959-1965 They used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. It made the computers more compact. Primary memory was stored on magnetic tape and magnetic disks were used as secondary storage It has a slightly faster core memory Cost around $85,000

Third Generation Computers 1965 – 1971 Integrated circuits was introduced by Jack Kilby. The size of computers were now decreased by a lot. The input language for these types of computers were PASCAL and BASIC. This enabled the computers to perform more complex calculations. The rental price for a machine was around $5000 and to purchase a machine around this time was around $253,000.

Fourth Generation Computers 1971 – 1980 These computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits technology or as they were known as microprocessors. First generation of supercomputers and personal computers were developed. These computers were able to perform many calculations accurately. They were used in networking Input languages included: C+, C++ and DBASE. On average a machine will cost around $120,000- $160,000.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS 1981-present Use high-level languages like Python, R, C#, Java etc. Wide range of processors are developed. The two most notable are Intel and AMD. Prices may vary on what whether a person wants to buy a laptop or a desktop If a person wishes to build a computer there are many parts available and for different prices

Processors Over the Years

COMPUTERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY

COMPUTER SOFTWARE Computer software is a set of instructions and associated documentation that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a task. They can be categorized into: Application Software System Software

Application Software Programs that are developed to carry out specific tasks or solve particular tasks. Application software can be categorized as followed: General-Purpose Software Integrated Software Specialized Software Customized software Custom-written (tailor-made) Software

General Purpose Software General purpose application software is a type of application that can be used for a variety of tasks. Word processing application Database application Web Browsers

WORD PROCESSORS WEB BROWSERS

Integrated Software This type of software package is a set of related programs combined in a unified package that allows data to be transferred easily between the programs. Microsoft Office

INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGE

This software is written to perform a specific task. Specialized Software This software is written to perform a specific task.

Customized Software This is general purpose software which has been modified to the needs of an individual or organizations. This is done through use of macros. Macros- This allows a person to make changes to a program.

Custom written (tailor-made) Software Software written to meet the specific needs of a company.

THE INTERNET The internet is a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media. The internet is a network of global exchanges – including private, public, business, academic and government networks – connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies. The terms internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same thing; the internet refers to the global communication system, including hardware and infrastructure, while the web is one of the services communicated over the internet.

TELECOMMUNICATION Telecommunications refers to the exchange of information by electronic and electrical means over a significant distance. A complete telecommunication arrangement is made up of two or more stations equipped with transmitter and receiver devices. A single co-arrangement of transmitters and receivers, called a transceiver, may also be used in many telecommunication stations.

Telecommunications devices include telephones, telegraph, radio, microwave communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the Internet. Telecommunications is also known as telecom.

COST, SIZE AND PROCESSING ABILITIES OF COMPUTERS Once wildly expensive and inaccessible but computers today are one of the most ubiquitous technologies worldwide. Though many personal computers in the early 1970s were much cheaper, the most basic model of an HP 3000 sold for $95,000 in 1972, the equivalent of slightly over half a million in today’s dollars. Today, a brand-new computer costs just a few hundred dollars and has capabilities that in 1972 were in the realm of science fiction.

The advent of the personal computer is one of the most important technological developments of the last century. In the early 1970s, the technology improved to the point that personal computers no longer needed to be the size of a car to function. In fact, many became accessible to the public in both cost and size, offering consumers a product that could fit within a small room and a typical budget.