Chapter 11 Section 1 The Scramble for Africa Objective: Explain how & why most of Africa was divided among European powers Vocabulary: Imperialism, Racism, Social Darwinism, Berlin Conference, Shaka, Boer, & Boer War Give an example of when people have tried to dominate someone younger, smaller, or weaker. How did they assert their power?

Setting the Stage Industrialization stirred ambitions within most European nations They wanted resources to fuel their industrial production European nations looked to Africa as a source of raw materials & as a market for industrial products Imperialism: policy which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, & socially What would be some things they would need to help them industrialize?

Check for Understanding What are some examples of raw materials that they needed during the Industrial Revolution? Sentence Starter: Some examples of raw materials needed during the Industrial Revolution are ___.

Africa Before European Domination Prior to imperialism, Africa was divided into hundreds of ethnic & linguistic groups Politically they ranged from large empires to independent villages Europeans controlled only 10% of the continent, mainly along the coast in the 1880s Europeans had a difficult time navigating African rivers while disease also discouraged European exploration Religiously most practiced traditional beliefs while others converted to Islam or Christianity The steamboat allowed them to navigate the rapids & changing flows of Africa’s rivers What invention from the Industrial Revolution helped Europeans deal with diseases? Who came up with that invention?

Nations Compete for Overseas Empires The first Europeans who explored the interior of Africa were explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians Humanitarians opposed the European & American slave trade People began to learn about Africa through published stories in travel books & newspapers What role do you think missionaries had in Africa?

The Congo Sparks Interest The Congo became interesting due the David Livingstone story Henry Stanley’s explorations sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium Stanley had local chiefs sign treaties giving King Leopold II control of the Congo King Leopold II of Belgium “claimed” his motive was to abolish the slave trade & promote Christianity Leopold however, exploited the region for their rubber plants resulting in the death of 10 million Congolese David Livingstone was a missionary who traveled deep into central Africa to promote Christianity in the late 1860s When several years passed without a word from him, people feared he was dead Henry Stanley a newspaper reporter traveled to Africa & found him in 1871 with the famous greeting “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Why do you think King Leopold II told people his motive was to promote Christianity in the Congo? Belgium’s control of the Congo was 80 times larger than Belgium itself (The government eventually took power away from Leopold II)

Check for Understanding Why do you think King Leopold claimed his motive for taking over the Congo was to end the slave trade & promote Christianity? Sentence Starter: King Leopold claimed that as his motive because _______________________.

Forces Driving Imperialism Economic, political, & social forces accelerated the drive to take over land in all parts of the globe Europeans viewed an empire’s size as a measure of national greatness Racism: belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest Europeans believed that they had the right & the duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries Missionaries also pushed to convert the peoples of Asia, Africa, & the Pacific Islands Charles Darwin’s idea about natural selections & evolution How do you think Social Darwinism plays a role in racism? “Civilize” or “Westernize” the peoples of the foreign land

Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European countries had technological superiority & the means to control their empire Europeans made advances in medicine to protect them from certain diseases Africans’ huge variety of languages & cultures discouraged unity among them Why would language be important in unifying cultures/people? Europeans learned to play rival groups against each other

Check for Understanding How could speaking a different language prevent unity among different people? Sentence Starter: Speaking a different language would prevent unity because ______________.

The Division of Africa No European power wanted to be left out of the race of colonizing To prevent conflict, 14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference from 1884- 1885 to lay down rules for the division of Africa European nations divided the continent with little thought about how African ethnic or linguistic groups would be divided No African ruler was invited to attend these meetings Discovery of Diamonds sparked more interest They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims & showing it could control the area Only Liberia & Ethiopia remained free

Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies Few Africans bought European goods Europeans still needed raw materials from Africa Africa was rich in mineral & natural resources Business eventually developed cash-crop plantations & displaced the food crops grown by farmers in the region

Three Groups Clash Over South Africa The history of South Africa is a history of Africans, Dutch, & British clashing over land & resources The Zulu chiefs after Shaka were unable to keep the kingdom together against the superior arms of the British invaders The Zulu nation fell to British control in 1887

Boers & British Settle in the Cape The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in South Africa Dutch settlers were known as Boers The Boers were known as Afrikaners When the British took over the Cape Colony, they clashed with the Boers regarding land & slaves The Boers migrated north clashing with the Zulu & other African groups whose land they were taking

The Boer War Diamonds & gold that were discovered in southern African caused more issues between the Dutch & British The Boer War between the British & Boers is considered the first modern “total” war The British finally won the war