AGENDA – 8/22 Turn in your homework to the front desk Quick lecture: characteristics of civilization “What does it mean to be civilized?” investigation Homework: thesis statement

Paleolithic Era Neolithic Era Early Civilizations Hunters and gatherers Relatively egalitarian Men and women are treated equally! Nomadic, small populations Neolithic Era AGRICULTURE HAPPENED! 8000-3000BCE Slowly around the world at the same time Population increase, job specialization Along with the Neolithic revolution came societies – early society - how can we tell that this society was civilized? Early Civilizations What characterizes civilization? Eurasia: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India Americas: Olmec and Chavin

BUT WAIT! Not everyone settled down Pastoral societies, or pastoralists, were nomadic people who herded domesticated animals Move in search of food More stable than hunter- gatherer societies – why? Hugely responsible for trade and connections between societies, as they traveled across long regions 4/7/2019 ADD A FOOTER

Where would you settle?

Characteristics of Civilization Civilized societies developed certain characteristics which prehistoric Stone Age cultures did not have: a system of writing trade routes central cities and towns roads and harbors (infrastructure) states separated by definite boundary lines temples, palaces, and monuments (monumental architecture) organized governments specialized workers — blacksmiths, carpenters, store owners, priests - furnished manufactured goods and a variety of services organized religions farmers, herdsmen, and fishermen who produced food for specialized workers Social class distinctions – thanks to the differing levels of wealth a variety of metal tools and weapons a system of education (increased use of science and mathematics) more leisure time bookkeeping and recordkeeping Notice – why not writing? INCA!>>!>!>!ij#i!j#ioj! Individually FIRST. With one partner, choose FIVE of the above characteristics you think are REQUIREMENTS of a civilization and justify each answer (some can be joined together under an overarching theme

Share with a partner, providing evidence that supports your claim Quick discussion Star/highlight/circle the THREE characteristics you think are most important in a civilization. Think about now! What do you think is most important in the year 2018? Share with a partner, providing evidence that supports your claim “I think recordkeeping is one of the most important characteristics because …” Egyptians had figured out how to make concrete but then lost the formula to make it for 200 years after the library at Alexandria burned down

What are the requirements of a civilization? WHY? SURPLUSES You need enough food to support a larger civilization – and the surpluses can be used to trade or barter! SPECIALIZED OCCUPATIONS  food = fewer people needed for farming = people can start doing other things Ex: artisans, merchants CLEAR SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONS Some people are getting $$$$$ and others aren’t GROWTH OF CITIES City: a permanent settlement that is the center of trade for a larger area COMPLEX GOVERNMENTS Why? Because someone needed to keep record of economic activity as the cities continued to grow LONG DISTANCE TRADE Stimulates economic development, cultural diffusion , and accentuated social class distinctions ORGANIZED RECORDKEEPING SYSTEMS Taxes, trade, laws Eventually, history (wars, reigns of kings) Why social class distinctions? Because you can’t have a functioning government without social class divisions – plus, Europeans wrote this list, and, looking back, all of their civilizations did, so they thought it was commonality

THESIS STATEMENT practice! Which of the seven requirements is the most essential for a high-functioning civilization ? If you need help writing a thesis, you can try the following formula! Although Y, X, because A. Where Y = strongest counterargument X = your actual answer A and B = evidence to support

But… is that true? Historians across the world are rethinking what it means to be civilized. Let’s see what they have to say, and why!