What is the job of this life function? Regulation What is the job of this life function?

Control ! Regulation: Control and coordinate the living organism. Which body system do you think is responsible for regulation?

There are 2 Regulation Systems 1. Nervous System: Nerves deliver messages 2. Endocrine System: Chemical messages – hormones

Which System is Faster? Nervous system Nerves transmit messages instantly. Chemicals have to travel in the blood and they take time to reach their destination.

Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Nerves

Stimulus  Response Stimulus: Information from a sense organ Your brain or your spinal cord decide on a reaction Your muscles or glands respond

DO NOW What is regulation? What are the two systems that do regulation? Give an example of a stimulus and its response.

2 Divisions of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous System (CNS): part of the nervous system enclosed by bone and surrounded by fluid. - brain and spinal cord

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) all nerves that extend out to most parts of the body from the CNS - like wires in a house - they are not protected by bone

Nerve Cells Nerve cells are called Neurons

What is between the neurons? Synapse: The space between two neurons. Neurotransmitters: Chemicals secreted by the terminal end of one neuron and sent to the dendrites of the next neuron. They carry the message across the synapse.

How are cells specialized for their job? Bone cells have ________ that make them hard to provide _____ & ______. Muscle cells are shaped _____ so they can ______ & relax. Neurons have a _____________ so they can ______________________. long support minerals shape tail and “antennae” contract pick up and send messages

Nerve Impulse The nerve impulse is ___________ while in the neuron, but __________ when passing across the ___________ to the next neuron.

DO NOW What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? What is the name of a nerve cell? An impulse is ______ when in the nerve cell and _____ when crossing the synapse.

3 Types of Neurons Nerve impulse can only go in one direction (just like electricity in a wire) So, you need different pathways for different directions

1. Sensory Neurons Carry messages from the sense organs to the brain or spinal cord

2. Inter-Neurons Neurons connecting the spinal cord to the brain.

3. Motor Neurons Carry messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands.

Which neurons carry the stimulus? DO NOW Which neurons carry the stimulus? Sensory Neurons Which neurons carry the response? Motor Neurons

5 senses Brain Spinal cord Muscle or gland Sensory Neurons Inter-Neurons Spinal cord Motor Neurons Muscle or gland

Reflex Arc Sometimes a response is needed quickly, so the message goes to the spinal cord and back to the muscle skipping the brain. This allows for a quicker response.

DO NOW Fill in all the steps that occur in between Stimulus  Response

Reflex Arc

Which part of the brain is responsible for each example? 1. Balancing on a bicycle 2. smelling a flower 3. heart pumping 4. doing an addition problem 5. breathing faster while jogging 6. walking on a tightrope 7. tasting an orange

(medulla)

BRAIN SECTION Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla Largest part of the brain. Controls voluntary movement. Receives information from sense organs Thinking and memory Cerebellum Back of the brain. Maintains balance and coordination. Medulla Base of the brain. Controls all involuntary movements. Blinking, heart beat, breathing, peristalsis.

BRAIN SECTION Spinal cord Spinal nerves Bundle of many nerves extending from the medulla along your back. Highway into and out of the brain. Spinal nerves 31 pairs of nerves extend off the spinal cord Branch out to all parts of the body

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/index.html 3D brain

DO NOW What are the three types of neurons? What are the three parts of the brain and what do they do?

Chemical Messengers called Hormones Endocrine System Chemical Messengers called Hormones

Endocrine Glands Endocrine glands are the site of hormone production. They are located throughout your body. Each gland makes a specific hormone.

Endocrine glands are ductless  hormones are secreted directly into the blood. They travel in the blood until they reach their destination where they will have an affect. This is called the target tissue.

DO NOW What is the difference between a gland and a hormone? How do chemical messengers travel around the body?

Major Endocrine Glands

Pineal Body Located in the brain Makes the hormone melatonin Sleep

Hypothalamus Located in the brain Many hormones made Stimulates the pituitary gland to turn on and off. Temperature, appetite, blood pressure, and more.

Pituitary Gland Base of the brain Human Growth hormone Growth

Gigantism Which hormone is responsible for this disease? Which gland makes it? Robert Wadlow 8” 11” Largest hands and feet

Thyroid Gland Located in the neck below the larynx Thyroxine hormone Regulates metabolism

GOITER Most commonly caused by iodine deficiency

Parathyroid Gland Neck on top of the thyroid Parathyroid hormone Regulates calcium level in the body

Thymus Located in the upper chest Makes white blood cells mature.

Adrenal Glands Located on top of the kidneys Makes adrenaline (epinephrine) “Fight or flight reaction”

DO NOW Which gland controls the other glands in your body? Which gland is responsible for sleep? Which gland regulates calcium?

Pancreas Located in the abdomen behind the stomach Makes insulin which regulates blood sugar

Diabetes Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin.  The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.

Approximately 20 million people in the United States have diabetes Approximately 20 million people in the United States have diabetes.  While an estimated 11.1 million have been diagnosed, unfortunately, 5.9 million people (or one-third) are unaware that they have the disease.

Symptoms High blood levels of glucose can cause several problems, including: Blurry vision Excessive thirst Fatigue Frequent urination Hunger Weight loss

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. Many patients are diagnosed when they are older than age 20. In this disease, the body makes little or no insulin. Daily injections of insulin are needed. The exact cause is unknown. Genetics, viruses, and autoimmune problems may play a role. Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. It makes up most of diabetes cases. It usually occurs in adulthood, but young people are increasingly being diagnosed with this disease. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, Types of Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. In this disease, the body makes little or no insulin. The bodies immune system destroys the cells that make insulin. Daily injections of insulin are needed. Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. It makes up most of diabetes cases. It usually occurs in adulthood, but young people are increasingly being diagnosed with this disease. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to insulin.

Ovaries Located on either side of the uterus in the lower abdomen Makes estrogen and progesterone The female sex hormones that cause female characteristics and the release of eggs for reproduction.

Testes Located in a pouch suspended outside body. Make testosterone Responsible for male characteristics