Rebellions & Wars Natives & Colonists & High Tensions – OH MY! 1

Powhatan War Chief Powhatan launches raids against Colonists On-again, off-again attacks 1609 – Soldiers from England 1618 – Powhatan dies; brother Opechancanough takes over (much more militant) 2

Powhatan War Left and middle – Chief Powhatan Right – Brother – Opechancanough (Chief O) 3

Powhatan War 1632 – Both sides agree to a truce English colony grows; Powhatan are pushed into smaller parcels of land April, 1644 – Opechancanough tries one last time to drive the English out 1646 – Captured in Jamestown and killed by a guard In 1644 he is almost 100 years old and nearly blind. He gathers troops to attack the English. Almost 500 colonists are killed His death brings about peace 4 4

Leading to the Pequot Rebellion Mid-1600s – coastal native (Massachusett & Pawtucket) populations drop drastically MA Bay won't allow practice of Native American religions Moved into “praying towns” Numbers drop from 20,000 to a few dozen No option but to sell land for money and appeasement John Eliot – meant to convert Natives. Called them “Red Puritans” 5 5

Pequot War (1636-7) MA & CT is where it's at Mohegan and Narragansett support Colonists Mystic, CT – the battle begins Burnings, killings, pillaging Narragansett thought that battle was too brutal Late 1637, resistance is crushed Rooted in land ownership Ongoing issues between rival English settlements 1634 – John Stone (a trader) is killed by Natives for his kidnapping and awful treatment of Pequots. Pequots take credit, but it was really the Niantics Dutch no longer trade with Pequot. Pequot begin trading with the MA Bay Company English demand tribute be paid for murder and the murderers be brought to justice Pequot say only 2 survived and their werabouts are unknown British accept payment Second trader is killed, likely by Narragansett MA Bay organizes and meets Pequot. Demand battle. Pequot don't meet demand so it forces demolition of villages and crops Pequot then attack Ft. Saybrook April, 1637 – Roger Williams doesn't allow Pequot to ally with Narragansett. Pequot raid settlement near Hartford. English settlements join together with Mohegan and move against Pequot After failed attempt, colonists add 500 to their forces and recruit Narragansett and Niantic allies. Massacre follows May 26, 1637 Set fire at Pequot village on Mystic River and slaughter Natives as they try to escape. Warriors try to help brethren but they arrive too late. 300-700 Pequots die at Mystic River (numers already reduced by as much as 75% after small pox in 1633. Treaty of Hartford declares King victorious. Surviving Pequots settle with other tribes 6 6

Pequot War (1636-7) The Mystic Massacre 7 7 Rooted in land ownership Ongoing issues between rival English settlements 1634 – John Stone (a trader) is killed by Natives for his kidnapping and awful treatment of Pequots. Pequots take credit, but it was really the Niantics Dutch no longer trade with Pequot. Pequot begin trading with the MA Bay Company English demand tribute be paid for murder and the murderers be brought to justice Pequot say only 2 survived and their werabouts are unknown British accept payment Second trader is killed, likely by Narragansett MA Bay organizes and meets Pequot. Demand battle. Pequot don't meet demand so it forces demolition of villages and crops Pequot then attack Ft. Saybrook April, 1637 – Roger Williams doesn't allow Pequot to ally with Narragansett. Pequot raid settlement near Hartford. English settlements join together with Mohegan and move against Pequot After failed attempt, colonists add 500 to their forces and recruit Narragansett and Niantic allies. Massacre follows May 26, 1637 Set fire at Pequot village on Mystic River and slaughter Natives as they try to escape. Warriors try to help brethren but they arrive too late. 300-700 Pequots die at Mystic River (numers already reduced by as much as 75% after small pox in 1633. Treaty of Hartford declares King victorious. Surviving Pequots settle with other tribes The Mystic Massacre 7 7

Progression of Natives Colonists prosper, Native Americans dwindle Native Americans fall victim to new diseases (diphtheria, measles, and tuberculosis) Native Americans begin hunting for trade, not just subsistence What impact does this have...? 8 8

Progression of Natives Alcohol becomes prevalent among all living in New England Others turn to the Puritan Faith 9 9

King Phillip's War (1675-6) 2/3 Native Americans support Metacom (King Phillip) Familiarity with guns Attacked 52 of 90 New England towns Burned 1200 houses Killed 8,000 cattle Killed 2,500 colonists (5%) Conditions had deteriorated between colonists and natives after Pequot War Working relationship gone. Policy making went toward a less tolerant basis Relationships between Natives had changed. Each tribe sought to improve their own standing with whites 1661 – Wamsutta gained status of chief of Wampanoag. Sold some land to RI. Plymouth wanted the same land. He was arrested and brought before Plymouth authorities, answering to charges of conspiracy. Many believed he had died during the journey home because he had been been poinsoned. His brother Metacom also believed this. Metacom is forced to sell land – resulting sale gives him enough money to purchase more firearms to attack the Colonists. Christian Native (John Samosset) goes to see Metacom, who is preparing for war. He reports back and Samosset is killed by 3 Wampanoag. Three are tried and convicted. This sparks the war. Colonists unite and take on Metacom, which includes CT, MA Bay, RI, and Plymouth 10 10

King Phillip's War (1675-6) Reduces Native American population by 40% No more resistance to Europeans (for now) English hostility toward ALL Native Americans deepens When Metacom was defeated, he was shot and killed by an allied Native. His head was displayed on a pole for years to come at Plymouth's Ft. Hill Metacom's death did not end the war immediately Relative to the amount of land at the time, King Phillip's War was the most destructive in American History 11 11

King Phillip's War (1675-6) 12 12