Vocab: Define the following in your journal. Pages

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Presentation transcript:

Vocab: Define the following in your journal. Pages 330-377 Clear-cutting Deforestation Biological pest control Pollinator Genetic engineering Genetically modified (GM) organisms Biotechnology

Humans have been practicing agriculture for about 10,000 years. Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Humans have been practicing agriculture for about 10,000 years.

Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Forests, mostly boreal forests and tropical rain forests, cover about 30% of Earth’s land.

Value of Forests Ecological value: Economic value: Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Ecological value: Provide habitat for organisms Source of biodiversity Prevent erosion Purify water Store carbon, release oxygen Economic value: Timber for lumber and fuel Source of food Raw material for many medicines

Timber Harvesting Methods Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Three methods: Clear-cutting, seed-tree or shelterwood approach, and selection system May result in even-aged or uneven-aged regrowth Even-aged regrowth tends to be less biodiverse than uneven-aged regrowth. Did You Know? Today most commercial logging in the U.S. occurs in western coniferous forests and southern pine plantations.

Clear-Cutting Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Involves cutting down all trees in a region, resulting in even-aged stands of regrowth Changes abiotic conditions in the area, including light penetration, precipitation, wind, and temperature Benefit: Cost efficient Costs: Entire communities usually displaced or destroyed; causes soil erosion.

Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Seed-tree: Small numbers of mature, healthy trees are left standing, to reseed the area. Shelterwood: Involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide shelter for seedlings Benefit: Less damaging than clear-cutting Cost: As with clear-cutting, leads to mostly even-aged regrowth

Selection Systems Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Relatively few trees are cut at once under a selection system. Selection can involve widely spaced single trees or groups. Benefits: More biodiverse, uneven-aged growth Less overall environmental damage Costs: Machinery disturbs forest interior. Expensive process More dangerous for loggers

Deforestation Lesso 11.2 Forests and Their Resourcesn Unlike timber harvesting, deforestation replaces forested areas with some other land use, such as commercial or residential property. Deforestation in tropical and arid regions has the most negative effects due to loss of biodiversity and desertification risk respectively. Globally, deforestation adds CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere.

Deforestation in the United States Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Deforestation for timber and farmland facilitated U.S. expansion. Wood felled for buildings and fuel during the pre- and early Industrial Revolution periods. By the early 1900s, very little old-growth forest (forest that has never been logged) remained in the United States. Did You Know? Once old-growth forest is logged, it may need hundreds of years to regrow.

Deforestation in Developing Nations Lesson 11.2 Forests and Their Resources Timber from old-growth tropical rain forests is a source of income in developing nations. Advanced technology enables deforestation to occur far faster than it has in the United States. Deforestation of tropical rain forests has an enormously negative effect on global species diversity. The border bewteen Haiti (left) and the Dominican Republic (right) shows Haiti’s deforestation.

Recycled Paper Introduction Video Groups of 5 Teacher will walk each group through the process For those not currently in the lab area, you are to complete the Forest Products worksheet.

Selective Breeding and Settlement Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Selective Breeding and Settlement In early agriculture, people began planting seeds from plants they liked most, a form of selective breeding. Crop cultivation enabled people to settle permanently, often near water sources, and raise livestock. Agriculture and livestock provided a stable food supply, which allowed the development of modern civilization.

Traditional Agriculture Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Traditional Agriculture Agriculture “powered” by people and animals Does not require fossil fuels Practiced widely until the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Agriculture Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Industrial Agriculture Agriculture that requires the use of fossil fuels Involves mechanized farming technology, manufactured chemicals, and large-scale irrigation To be efficient, large areas are planted with a single crop in a monoculture. Did You Know? Today, more than 25% of the world’s croplands support industrial agriculture.

Lesson 12.3 Agriculture The Green Revolution Introduced new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices to the developing world in the mid- to late 1900s Benefits: Increased crop yields and saved millions of people from starvation in India and Pakistan Prevented some deforestation and habitat loss by increasing yields on cultivated land Costs: Led to a 7000% increase in energy used by agriculture Worsened erosion, salinization, desertification, eutrophication, and pollution

Lesson 12.3 Agriculture Pests and Weed Control Chemical pesticides: Effective and cheap, but can lead to resistance Biological pest control: Permanent solution, but can harm nontarget organisms Integrated pest management: Increasingly popular solution, combines chemical and biological pest-control methods Cactus moth larvae are used to control prickly pear cactus, but also threaten many rare, native cacti around the world.

Genetically Modified Organisms Lesson 12.4 Food Production Genetically Modified Organisms Organisms that have had their DNA modified Commonly engineered traits include rapid growth, pest resistance, and frost tolerance. In the United States, 85% of corn and 90% of soybean, cotton, and canola crops come from GM strains.

Risks and Benefits of GM Crops Lesson 12.4 Food Production Risks and Benefits of GM Crops Risks: Potential for “superpests” that are resistant to pest-resistant crops Contamination of non-GM plants Benefits: Insect-resistant crops reduce the need for insecticides. Herbicide-resistant crops encourage tillage conservation.

Sustainable Agriculture Lesson 12.4 Food Production Sustainable Agriculture Does not deplete soil faster than it forms Does not reduce the amount or quality of soil, water, and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production Organic agriculture is sustainable agriculture that does not use synthetic chemicals. Local, small-scale agriculture reduces the use of fossil fuels and chemicals used for transportation and storage. Did You Know? Organic food purchases increased 200% from 1999 to 2008.

Today’s assignments Page 372 (1-4) Page 383 (1-4) Classwork (7c vocabulary) Biological pest control Pollinator genetic engineering genetically modified (GM) organisms biotechnology