Understanding the complex networks within a cell... Parameters: ~10,000 genes >100,000 proteins Approach: measure model predict From: www.kinetekpharm.com

Understanding the complex networks within a cell... Parameters: ~10,000 genes >100,000 proteins Approach: measure model predict From: www.kinetekpharm.com Measure = quantify amounts of parameters versus time Nearly possible Major challenge

Understanding the complex networks of a cell... Parameters: ~10,000 genes >100,000 proteins Approach: measure model predict From: www.kinetekpharm.com Measure = quantify amounts of parameters versus time Nearly possible Major challenge An instantaneous readout of these parameters will accelerate fundamental advances in biology and enable: Drug discovery (cellular responses to drugs and environment) Medical diagnostics (tumor identification and treatment) Biowarfare detection (rapid pathogen identification)

(vary time, physiological state, disease, ...) Where’s the bottleneck? Detection Quantity 1 2 3 Protein ... 1 2 3...104 Gene Repeat (vary time, physiological state, disease, ...) Information Cells Extraction DNA and proteins * Chemical Processing Label and amplification

Today’s technology: Genomics ~104 genes

Today’s technology: Genomics Proteomics ~104 genes ~10 proteins Affymetrix Sorger Lab, MIT concentration time (min)

Today’s technology: Genomics Proteomics ~104 genes Proteomics ~10 proteins Affymetrix Sorger Lab, MIT concentration time (min) Measurement time ~ few hours to a day!

Electronic detection of DNA hybridization Glass

Electronic detection of DNA hybridization Glass

Electronic detection of DNA hybridization depletion region Silicon

Electronic detection of DNA hybridization depletion region Silicon

Electronic detection of DNA hybridization surface potential active surface *Fabricated by Emily Cooper at MIT’s MTL DNA probe sequence Am DNA probe sequence A DNA target sequence cA depletion region Silicon

Teaching: 6.151 Microfabrication Project Laboratory Class of Spring 2002 Daniel J. Bedard, Antimony L. Gerhardt, Trisha Montalbo, Peter R. Russo, Maxim Shusteff, Luke Theogarajan Goal: Integrate microfluidics with microelectronics Instructors: Martin Schmidt and Scott Manalis