Unit 3 Part II CBHS Mr. Buttell Mid-19c European Nationalism - Part I Unit 3 Part II CBHS Mr. Buttell

The Crimean War [1853-1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

Causes of the Crimean War Relgion The Muslim sultan had granted extra privileges in Jerusalem to French Roman Catholics. Leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church want the same but were denied Politics Napoleon III and Tsar Nicholas I both wanted to prove their military strength. Great Britain did not support expansion of Russian power Maintain a balance of power

The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred… A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Mass Politics and Warfare For 18 months, the war resulted in more than a million casualties Critics attacked it as a useless war with incompetent generals. First war followed closely on the home front through newspapers thanks to telegraph and photography from the battles First use of new war tech. weaponry that resulted in war strategies changing. Effects? Publicity given the war exposed the weakness of Ottoman Empire, and demonstrated the struggle of European states to maintain stability in an age of nationalism.

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910] “The Lady with the Lamp”

Treaty of Paris [1856] No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

National Unification Movements While nationalist movements broke up the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires, they brought unification elsewhere. Nationalistic movements among Italians and Germans led to the creation of the modern countries, Italy and Germany in the 1860s and 70s. These “neo-conservatives” used the cultural nationalism aroused by the Napoleonic conquest of Europe and transformed it into a political movement designed to create unified states.

France Under Napoleon III

1851 Coup d’Etat Short life of 2nd Republic from 1848-52. Louis Napoleon was denied a second term President Louis Napoleon declared a hereditary 2nd French Empire. A national plebiscite (national referendum) confirmed this. French people overwhelmingly supported him. Crowned Napoleon III on Dec. 2, 1852.

Napoleon III’s Power Symbolized economic liberalism, nationalism, and authoritarian rule. Controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service. Only he could introduce legislation and declare war. Maintained universal male suffrage and held plebiscites routinely to reinforce his rule. Promoted public works programs and jobs pleasing middle and working class peoples.

Paris Reborn Napoleon III hired Georges-Eugene Haussmann to re-design Paris. City walls were destroyed, wide boulevards and large public squares were constructed. Underground sewage system was constructed. Slum clearance projects, ports, and railroads were all added. Paris became modern and much harder to barricade her streets up.

Italian Unification

Italian Nationalist Leaders King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]

Giuseppe Mazzini Ardent nationalist who envisioned all of the Italian peninsula united into one state between 1815-45. He faced 3 major obstacles: Austria and France controlled several Italian states, and opposed losing influence. Conservative leaders, particularly Russia and Prussia feared the creation of any powerful, liberal, republican state. People of the peninsula were divided by culture. Less than 5% spoke what is today considered Italian. Mazzini led several small uprisings, but had little success. Inspired later nationalists.

Camillo Benso di Cavor From Piedmont and grew up under French rule speaking French. Goal was to expand Piedmont’s control over northern Italy under a constitutional monarchy. Little interest in ruling southern Italy. Very skeptical of republicanism Became prime minister under Victor Emmanuel II Success in improving banking practices, reduced power of the Church and increased access to education.

Realpolitik Cavour advanced his interests through skilled, if often dishonest, diplomacy through the 1850s. Carefully played Europe’s most powerful states, particularly France and Austria against each other. He used realpolitik, the practice of acting for political power rather than for a religious moral, or ideological goal. Through a series of wars, alliances, and betrayals, Cavour’s Piedmont won control over most of northern Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi Charismatic military figure. Known throughout the Atlantic world because of exploits on behalf of various South American independence movements. Later in life, he was offered a general position for the Union in the U.S. Civil War. Declined because the Union refused to make the war explicitly about abolishing slavery.

Giuseppe Garibaldi In Italy, his success came in the southern states. Rebel army known as the Red Shirts, combined with his appeals to popular nationalism, unified the region. Considered attacking Rome, where French troops protected the Pope. Instead, handed over Naples and all the lands in southern Italy to King Emmanuel II, whom Cavour had made ruler of most of northern Italy.

Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821 “Coalmen.”

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858 What “deals” are made here?

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #6: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

What problems still remain for Italy? The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?

German Unification

Prussia/Austria Rivalry German nationalists looked toward Austria-Hungary and Prussia for unification leadership Growth of industry and Zollverein pact, plus the fear of nationalism in Austria-Hungry, tilted the advantage to Prussia.

Zollverein, 1834

Key Players

Kaiser Wilhelm I Prussian king who came to power in 1861. Great ambitions to strengthen country through military reforms. Prussian parliament had other plans. In 1862, he appoints Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister hoping they could enlarge and strengthen the military.

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Somewhat similar to Cavour, both masters of realpolitik who used war and deceit to unify states. Bismarck was far more conservative and believed in authoritarian rule under a strong monarch. By relying on diplomacy, industrialization, and political manipulation, he created a powerhouse that threatened the balance of power “Blood & Iron”

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Goal was to unite without Austria being a part of it. “kleindeutsch” (lesser Germany) vs. “grossdeutsch” (greater Germany) He was not eager to include Austria for several reasons: Bismarck was a devout Protestant, and Austria was mostly Roman Catholic Austria was poorer than many of the northern German states Bismarck believed an independent Austria could be a diplomatic ally for his German state Nationalism continued to grow and Bismarck emerged as the conservative politician to negotiate unification. He relied on industrialized warfare to bring other German states together under Prussian leadership. “Blood & Iron”

Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . . I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

The German Confederation

Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

Bismarck provoked and won a short war with Denmark. Prussia and its allies won control of three provinces Popular support for Bismarck’s coalition increased.

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Austria Prussia Provoked and won a short war with Austria. Prussia unified northern and central German states A lenient peace treaty encouraged Austria’s neutrality in future military engagements.

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] Bismarck provoked and won a short but deadly war with France. Prussia unified northern and southern German states. France had to pay a heavy indemnity and lost the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine on the German-French border.

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. ------------------- France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag From 1871 to 1890 Bismarck served as the chancellor of Germany. He instituted a new legal code and national constitution. King of Prussia became the emperor of the entire empire. (Kaiser) Bismarck promoted economic innovation and growth

German Ingenuity German inventors created the internal combustion engine and the electric train. Berlin installed a telephone network Coal and iron production as well as the size of the railroad network increased sharply. Instituted the “iron and rye” tariff, protecting German manufacturers and farmers

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Concerned about socialist demands from the working class in response to industrialization he backed off the conflict. To reduce spread of socialism, he passed laws that banned socialist newspapers and abolished trade union. To undercut their appeal he implemented nationalized health care and old-age insurance Nevertheless social movement continued to gain support Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

Bismarck’s Dismissal Dropping the Pilot (1890) Bismarck had used three wars to unify Germans under Prussian leadership. His goals in both domestic and foreign policy was to consolidate and strengthen the power of Germany Domestically, at times, he had sided with liberals and other times with conservatives. Thinking France may want revenge from the Franco-Prussian war, he negotiated a web of alliances with other states to isolate France. Negotiated with Russia and Austria supporting their influence in Eastern Europe and the Balkans. In return for them not supporting France Dropping the Pilot (1890)

Bismarck’s Dismissal Dropping the Pilot (1890) He was ultimately unable to overcome the political and religious divisions within the country. Further, he opposed later wars as destabilizing. In 1890, the Kaiser dismissed Bismarck and adopted a more aggressive foreign policy stance The Kaiser was determined that Germany would achieve the status he believed it deserved. In contrast, Bismarck promoted a restrained foreign policy designed to prevent conflict that could weaken Germany. Dropping the Pilot (1890)

Kaiser Wilhelm II