The Literature Review Drew Alfgren Liberally adapted from Prof. Musgrove (UMBC), University of Guelph, UNC, and others

A Literature Review is: An up-to-date analysis and synthesis of the scholarly conversation on a given topic. It should tell the reader what arguments scholars have made / are making, how they are making them (method) if necessary, and how the conversation has changed over time. The Lit. Review should demonstrate that you can see the outlines of the larger scholarly conversation on your given topic.

The steps for writing a Lit. Review Research Question – of course… Find your Sources Organize and Synthesize your Sources Write the Review

How NOT to write a Lit. Review All summary, No synthesis

One way of thinking about a Lit. Review A large thought bubble with multiple sections or themes When you read all of the lit in a certain field you will begin to notice that authors cover some of the same themes, and subjects, or use similar methods. As you move through the literature, begin to group the larger conversation by these themes. Soon you will have clearly definable groups. You might determine that the literature makes sense when divided by time period, by methodology, by sources, by discipline, by thematic focus, by race, ethnicity, and/or gender of author, or by political ideology.  This list is not exhaustive.  You might also decide to subdivide categories based on other criteria.  There is no “rule” on divisions—historians wrote the literature without consulting each other and without regard to the goal of fitting into a neat, obvious organization useful to students. The key step is to FIGURE OUT the most logical, clarifying angle.  Do not arbitrarily choose a categorization; use the one that the literature seems to fall into.  How do you do that?  For every source, you should note its thesis, date, author background, methodology, and sources.  Does a pattern appear when you consider such information from each of your sources?  If so, you have a possible thesis about the literature.  If not, you might still have a thesis. Consider: Are there missing elements in the literature?  For example, no works published during a particular (usually fairly lengthy) time period?  Or do studies appear after long neglect of a topic?  Do interpretations change at some point?  Does the major methodology being used change?  Do interpretations vary based on sources used?

Another Way of thinking about a Lit. Review A series of buckets into which you groups different takes on a field or topic

How TO write a Lit. Review

Structure of a review Introduction - The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any controversies within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions. It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpose or thesis statement.  in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to a thesis or research report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the research the writer proposes to undertake. Body - Often divided by headings/subheadings, the body summarizes and evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which researchers agree or disagree. If the review is preliminary to your own thesis or research project, its purpose is to make an argument that will justify your proposed research. Therefore, it will discuss only that research which leads directly to your own project. Conclusion - The conclusion summarizes all the evidence presented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own research, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology

Steps Pick a working topic: consult with your advisor, other faculty, and review older works done in your department. This doesn’t need to be your final topic but should be in the field of interest. Choose the literature you will review: Select databases and other lit sources (see the Subject Guide for your discipline) and start identifying subject headings/ descriptors/ that are appropriate. Start identifying classic studies, theories, and theorists. Analyze: Read broadly to start and identify assumptions, methodologies, testing procedures, and research findings. Note often-cited authors, major works, conflicting theories and contested results. Watch for how theories evolve (or not) over time.

Steps, cont. Organize - group your selected articles by identified patterns and themes: common findings, major trends in the research, which theories emerge as most influential. Develop your thesis - write a concise statement summarizing your conclusions about major trends and developments. Organize your paper – Develop headings and subheadings. The sections of your paper should link and progress thematically / topically, not by focusing on the work of individual researchers. Write and review – Focus on analysis: compare and evaluate the literature rather than list developments chronologically. Analysis and synthesis are the crucial elements.

How TO write a Lit. Review

Remember the Burkean Parlor Metaphor “Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, others have long preceded you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one present is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarrassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your ally's assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress.” -Kenneth Burke, The Philosophy of Literary Form, 110-111.