Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and diseases of the vascular wall

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Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and diseases of the vascular wall Chung S. Lim, MRCS, PhD, Serafim Kiriakidis, PhD, Ann Sandison, FRCPath, Ewa M. Paleolog, PhD, Alun H. Davies, DM, FRCS Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 58, Issue 1, Pages 219-230 (July 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.240 Copyright © 2013 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Oxygen-dependent regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-α protein. The blue arrows represent the sequence of events that occur during normoxia, whereas red lines and arrows indicate those that happen during hypoxia. The arrows (→) indicate positive effect, and perpendicular lines (┤) mean inhibitory effect. CBP, CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding) binding protein; E2, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; FIH, factor inhibiting HIF-1; JAB1, Jun activation domain-binding protein-1; OH, hydroxide; PHD, prolyl hydroxylase domain; Ub, ubiquitin. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2013 58, 219-230DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.240) Copyright © 2013 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Summary of the effects of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway activation in atherosclerosis and arterial aneurysms. Bid, BH3-interacting domain death agonist; Ets-1, E26 transformation-specific-1; GLUT-1, glucose transporter 1; HO1, heme oxygenase 1; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NOS2, nitric oxide synthase 2; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PPAR-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2013 58, 219-230DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.240) Copyright © 2013 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Pathologic processes caused by increased activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway that lead to vascular wall remodelling in diseases of arteries and veins. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2013 58, 219-230DOI: (10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.240) Copyright © 2013 Society for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions