The US Enters the War and The Home Front Discuss the reasons that the US entered WWI. Explain the role of the US early in the war. Evaluate the impact of WWI on the home front of America.

The US Enters War Reasons the US entered WWI Limits on Atlantic trade and travel Germany’s violation of the Sussex pledge US bankers’ loans to the Allies Preparedness for the war – National Defense Act

The Great War (1914-1918) Zimmermann Telegram (1 March) Sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Ambassador in Washington, DC

The Great War (1914-1918) “. . . lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

March 1917 – Germany sank 3 merchant marine ships

The Great War (1914-1918) Congress approved Wilson’s request for a declaration of war “to make the world safe for democracy.” (6 April 1917)

Selective Service Act (1917) established a draft, ending the time-honored volunteer system; men 21 to 30, later 18 to 45 US government sold $5 Billion in bonds; $3 billion loaned to the Allies

US Role in the War (Early) 14,000 men of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) arrived in France (June 1917) Fought separately

Bellringer What were these called in WWI? Why?

Introduction During war, what happens to our civil liberties? Why? During war, what happens to nationalism? Impact on intolerance?

Body –The Home Front Mobilizing the Economy War Industries Board –Centralized Economy Federal Government directed Manufacturing Food Production Fuel Production Transportation

WIB = Bernard Baruch -Head Goals Set and Meet Production Quotas Allocate Raw Materials Increase Efficiency Industrial Production Increased 20%

Daylight Savings Time Implemented to Save Fuel

National War Labor Board Collective bargaining 8 Hour Workday in exchange for “No Strike Pledge” Labor membership increases

Food Administration Conserve Food and Increase Production Herbert Hoover = Leader “Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays”

Fuel Administration

Mobilizing Public Opinion War opposition Irish Americans German Americans Socialist Party

Creel Committee Committee on Public Information George Creel – leader 150 K lecturers, artists, etc. “4 Minute Men” Negative Impacts Anti German sentiment Ban on foreign languages in some states Lynchings

Civil Liberties in Wartime Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) – outlawed interfering with the draft or criticizing the war Schenck v. US case Schenck = socialist – pamphlets opposing the draft found – arrested for violating the Espionage Act Fought on 1st Amendment

"The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." This case is also the source of the phrase "shouting fire in a crowded theatre," a misquotation of Holmes' view that "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."

Changes in the Workplace National War Labor Board Collective bargaining Mediation More Women working – increased finances and freedom

Great Migration Many blacks moved to Industrial Midwestern towns 500 K estimated Increased hostility in north and south

HW Read and outline 486-491