Era of Good Feelings Unit 3B AP U.S. History

Think About It Explain the impact of work, exchange, and technology on American progress during the Era of Good Feelings.

A National Perception Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square John Lewis Krimmel, 1819

Era of Good Feelings James Monroe (D-R) (1817-1825)

Era of Good Feelings The Marshall Court McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary and proper” States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Increased federal government’s interstate commerce authority Chief Justice John Marshall

The Federal Government Is Supreme Over the States; The Federal Government Is Not Supreme Over the States John Marshall – McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Spencer Roane – Editorial from the Richmond Enquirer (1819) The American people have declared their constitution, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, to be supreme; but this principle would transfer the supremacy , in fact, to the States… The people of all the States have created the general government, and have conferred upon it the general power of taxation. The people of all the States, and the States themselves, are represented in Congress, and, by their representatives, exercise this power...when a State taxes the operations of the government of the United States, it acts upon institutions created, not by their own constitutents, but by people over whom they claim no control. It acts upon the measures of a government created by others as well as themselves, for the benefit of others in common with themselves... The result is a conviction that the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government. [The] Constitution conveyed only a limited grant of powers to the general government, and reserved the residuary powers to the governments of the states and the to the people; and that the Tenth Amendment was merely declaratory of this principle… The limited grant to Congress of certain enumerated powers only carried with it such additional powers as were fairly incidental to them, or, in other words, were necessary and proper for their execution... It is laid down in the report before mentioned that Congress under the terms “necessary and proper” have only all incidental powers necessary and proper, etc., and that the only inquiry is whether the power is properly an incident to an express power and necessary to its execution, and that if it is not, Congress cannot exercise it.

Era of Good Feelings The Great Triumvirate WEST Henry Clay of Kentucky NORTH Daniel Webster of Massachusetts SOUTH John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

The Great Triumvirate Henry Clay From Kentucky; representing the West Slave holder U.S. House of Representative Democratic-Republican War Hawk Speaker of the House American Colonization Society American System Missouri Compromise (1820) South America and Greek Independence Movements Election of 1824 Secretary of State U.S. Senator National Republican/Whig Party Election of 1832 Nullification Crisis/Compromise Tariff of 1833 Bank War Election of 1844 Compromise of 1850

The Great Triumvirate Daniel Webster From Massachusetts; representing the North Federalist Constitutional lawyer McCullouch v. Maryland (1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) U.S. House of Representative U.S. Senator Nullification Crisis/Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) Secretary of State Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1840) Compromise of 1850 Seventh of March Speech

The Great Triumvirate John C. Calhoun From South Carolina; representing the South U.S. House of Representative Democratic-Republican War Hawk Secretary of War Bureau of Indian Affairs Vice President John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson U.S. Senator Democrat Nullification Crisis/South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Positive Good Speech (1837) Secretary of State Oregon Territory Texas annexation Compromise of 1850

Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise (1820) Proposed by Henry Clay Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Establish Latitude 36 30’ Line North of the line is free South of the line is slave “Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” - Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. and Great Britain concerned about European expansion into Americas John Q. Adams authored Points Americas no longer to subject to European colonization Europe must not interfere with sovereignty of independent nations in Americas

America’s Market Revolution Subsistence farming to market specialization Free enterprise system Capital investment and state charters Development of state and national infrastructure and networks

America’s Market Economy Cumberland Road

America’s Market Economy Erie Canal

America’s Market Economy The Clermont

America’s Market Economy Railroad Faster and durable form of transportation Introduced in late 1820s Only small lines between major regional cities

America’s Market Economy Telegraph Samuel Morse in 1844 Information becomes widespread Efficient control and administration of politics, business, transportation, markets

America’s Market Economy

America’s Market Economy

America’s Market Economy Innovations Steam engine Spinning jenny Interchangeable parts Cotton gin

America’s Market Economy: Agriculture and Cotton Evolution of Cotton Technological Advancements Eli Whitney’s cotton gin Improved transportation King Cotton Impact of Improved Agriculture Regional specialization Increased drive for western expansion Increased demand for slavery

America’s Market Economy: Industry and the Factory System Evolution of Textiles Putting-out system Technological advancements Samuel Slater Lowell System Vertically integrated system Boardinghouses Recruitment of young women Impact of Industrialization Increased output Opportunities for unskilled labor Weakened artisans Increased urbanization Increased American competitiveness

America’s Market Economy The American System Henry Clay’s Plan Protective tariffs Develop domestic industries Source of federal revenue including infrastructure projects Tariff of 1816 Rate of 20-25% National bank Facilitate commerce and credit systems Second Bank of the United States (BUS) (1816) Infrastructure National roads, canals, internal improvements Improved transportation connected and expanded markets

America’s Market Economy Panic of 1819 Causes Western land speculation War inflation then post-war deflation BUS pursued contractionary monetary policy Aftermath First recession of market economy Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs Southern farmers demanded low tariffs Westerners criticized speculators and bankers

United States c. 1824