Microscopy Journal

Journal Entry #1 First Sighting of Cells Microscope The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells Compound Light Microscope, a microscope that has more than one lens

Robert Hooke 1663, noticed “rooms”, which he called cells in a thin slice of cork Used a homemade compound microscope to notice that there were millions in a very small area

Anton van Leeuwenhoek At about the same time as Hooke, he observed living cells in pond water, inside of the cheek and teeth Noticed one-celled organisms and bacteria

The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things All cells are produced from other cells

How a Light Microscope Works Magnification is the ability to make things larger than they are The lens or lenses in a light microscope magnify an object by bending the light that passes through them

Uses 2 convex lens to magnify A convex lens is a lens that is thicker in the middle than around the edges

Resolution Resolution is the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object With the naked eye, one can not distinguish, the images blend together

Looking Inside Cell Walls Organelles- tiny structures that carry out specific functions in the cell

Cell Wall The cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms It is made of tough, flexible, material called cellulose Semi-permeable (allows water and oxygen can pass through easily)

Cell Membrane All plant and animal cells have cell membranes It main role is to control what substances flow in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the area located between the cell membrane and the nucleus It is a gel-like fluid in which organelles are contained

Nucleus The cell’s control center, where all activities and functions of the cell are directed

Journal Entry #3 Using the Microscope Always carry the microscope with both hands. One hand grasps the arm and the other hand supports the base. Place the microscope on the table with the arm toward you. Plug it in and turn it on.

Using the Microscope Check to make certain that the stage is down and the low-power objective is in place. Look through the eyepiece and adjust the diaghram so that the greatest amount of light is passing through the opening in the stage. Place the glass slide on the stage. Center the slide over the hole in the stage. Use the stage clips to hold the glass slide in place.

Using the Microscope Watch from the side as you use the course adjustment to slowly raise the stage. Look through the eyepiece and focus using the coarse adjustment knob. Keep both eyes open and explore

Using the Microscope Turn the revolving nosepiece until the med-power objective clicks into place Use only the fine adjustment knob to focus on med-power. Keep both eyes open and explore

Using the Microscope Turn the revolving nosepiece until the high power objective clicks into place. Use only the fine adjustment knob to focus on high-power. Keep both eyes open and explore.

When you are finished….. Turn the revolving nosepiece until the low power objective clicks into place. Lower the stage as far as it will go. Take the glass slide off the stage and clean it. Turn the microscope off and unplug it. Wrap the cord around the base.

Mrs. Brock’s Rules!!! Carry the microscope by the base and the arm Always turn the lenses by the nosepiece Always roll the stage down!!!

Journal Entry #4 Date 10/___/08 Journal Entry No. 4 Time ______ Partners __________________ Project Title: Using a Compound Light Microscope Objective: 1. To learn to use med. and low power 2. To learn to center a specimen on the stage Type of Microscope Used: Compound Light

Journal Entry #4 Observation/Notes/Questions: Total Magnification= eyepiece x objective (10x) lens Low = 4x Med = 10x High = 40x

Identifying Cell Parts For animal cell identify the Cell membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm For plant cells identify: Chloroplast

Journal entry #5 Date 10/___/08 Journal Entry No. 5 Time ____ Partners __________________ Project Title: Making Wet Mount Slides Objective: To prepare a temporary wet mount slide for use with the microscope. Tools used: glass slide, cover slip, water, eyedropper, tweezers, specimen

Terms: Glass slide – rectangular piece of glass used to prepare specimens for viewing under a microscope. Cover slip – small square of glass or plastic placed over the specimen on a glass slide. Specimen – an object or living thing being studied.

Terms: Permanent mount slide – slide that is prepared to be used over and over again. Temporary wet mount slide – slide prepared to be viewed one time, the glass slide and cover slip can be reused.

Steps for making wet mount slides

Step 1 Begin with a clean slide and cover slip

Step 2 Place one or two small drops of water in the middle of the slide.

Step 3 Place the specimen in the center of the drop of water.

Step 4 Place the cover slip at a 45º angle at the edge of the drop of water. When the water spreads across the edge of the cover slip, gently lower it.

Step 5 Finished slide.

Journal entry #7 Date 10/___/08 Journal Entry No. 7 Time ____ Partners __________________ Project Title: Pond Water Observation Objective: To prepare a temporary wet mount slide for use with the microscope. Tools used: glass slide, cover slip, water, eyedropper, tweezers, specimen

Journal entry #7 Procedure: Make a wet mount slide: Place one drop of pond water in the middle of the slide (scum is good!) Carefully lower the cover slip onto the specimen

Journal Entry #7 Date 10/10/07 Journal Entry No. 4 Time ____ Partners __________________ Project Title: Examining Cells Objective: Examine the parts of cell using prepared slides. Tools used: glass slide, cover slip, microscope

Journal Entry #7 Start at the low power and locate the organism Examine and draw three living things (page 9). Lift up the cover slip and add 1 drop of “Detain”.

Journal Entry #7 Questions: How many Lenses does the microscope have? How many lenses do you look through when viewing a specimen. Describe what happens to an image when you go from low to med. power?

Journal entry #1 Date 10/24/07 Journal Entry No. 1 Time ____ Partners __________________ Project Title: Lenses- Simple Magnification Objective: 1. To learn how convex lenses magnify 2. To illustrate simple magnification Internet site: Molecular Expressions

Journal entry #1 Observation Notes Convex lens- curved outward, magnifies Real image- image made on the retina Virtual image- what you see through the lens Refraction- bending of light as it passed through a lens

How A Lens Works When lens moves closer the subject the image gets smaller When the lens moves away from the subject the image gets bigger