Enzymes.

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Presentation transcript:

Enzymes

Question: What are enzymes?

Enzymes Answer: 1. Proteins: most enzymes are proteins, primarily tertiary and quaternary structures. 2. Catalyst: chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.

Enzymes 3. Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyze (Specificity - depends upon 3D shape). 4. Recycled: enzymes are reusable. 5. “ase” endings: examples: sucrase maltase lactase

Question: How do enzymes work?

Enzymes Answer: Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering the free energy of activation.

Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation

Substrate The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on. Enzyme Substrate

Active Site A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Enzyme Substrate Active Site

Induced Fit A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H and ionic bonds are involved). Induced by the substrate. Enzyme Active Site substrate induced fit

Enzymatic Reaction substrate (sucrose) + enzyme (sucrase)  enzyme-substrate complex  and + sucrase glucose fructose products + enzyme

What Affects Enzyme Activity? Three factors: 1. Environmental Conditions 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes 3. Enzyme Inhibitors

1. Environmental Conditions Enzymatic reactions are very specific. The following environmental conditions affect enzymatic reactions: 1. Temperature (extremes most dangerous): - high temps may denature the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH - neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions)

2. Cofactors and Coenzymes Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. Example: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

3. Enzyme Inhibitors Two examples: a. Competitive inhibitors: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Substrate Enzyme Competitive inhibitor

3. Enzyme Inhibitors b. Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. Enzyme Substrate Noncompetitive Inhibitor active site altered