Branches of Applied Linguistics Predmetni nastavnik: doc. dr Valentina Bošković Marković e-mail: vboskovic@sinergija.edu.ba

There is an uncertain boundary between applied linguistics and the various interdisciplinary branches of linguistics, such as sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics, especially as several of the latter’s concerns involve practical outcomes of a plainly ‘applied’ kind (e.g. planning a national language policy). (Crystal, 2008, p.31)

Language acquisition Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics Linguistic anthropology Generative linguistics Cognitive linguistics Computational linguistics

Descriptive linguistics Historical linguistics Comparative linguistics Etymology Stylistics Prescription Corpus linguistics Discourse analysis Pragmatics

Pragmatics ‘put the kettle on’ (expected to make you a cup of tea) ‘I am cold’ (intended to close the window) a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning

Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is concerned with language as a ‘social and cultural phenomenon’ (Trudgill, 1974) It engages with contemporary social questions of culture, ethnicity, gender, identity, ageing, and migration Started in the 60s

Discourse Analysis a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event Text linguistics is a closely related field

(Second) language acquisition a scientific discipline devoted to studying the process of learning the second language interlanguage, the idea that the language that learners use is not simply the result of differences between the languages that they already know and the language that they are learning, but that it is a complete language system in its own right, with its own systematic rules.

SLA This interlanguage gradually develops as learners are exposed to the targeted language. However, languages that learners already know can have a significant influence on the process of learning a new one. This influence is known as language transfer.

EFL Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding (Krashen)

ESL Krashen: there are two independent systems of second language performance: 'the acquired system' and 'the learned system'. The 'acquired system' or 'acquisition‘- the product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language

ESL acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act

ESL The "learned system" or "learning“- the product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge 'about' the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules. ‘Learning' is less important than 'acquisition'.

ESL The Monitor hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the influence of the latter on the former. The monitoring function is the practical result of the learned grammar.

ESL The Natural Order hypothesis is based on research findings (Dulay & Burt, 1974; Fathman, 1975; Makino, 1980 cited in Krashen, 1987) which suggested that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a 'natural order' which is predictable.

ESP From the early 1960's, ESP has grown to become one of the most prominent areas of EFL teaching today. Its development is reflected in the increasing number of universities offering an MA in ESP (e.g. The University of Birmingham, and Aston University in the UK) and in the number of ESP courses offered to overseas students in English speaking countries.

ESP Examples of ESP: Law Medicine Business Science

Questions?