The Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Ming China, and Japan Unit 8 Part 2

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire Muslim Empire (1300 CE – 1922 CE) Osman, leader of Turkish warriors Built through conquest Firearms Dardanelles Straight Helped control trade Destroyed Byzantine Empire Captured Constantinople (1453)

The Janissaries Ottoman army similar to Mongols Mounted warriors, skilled archers Transitioned to Christian POWs (slaves) Converted to Islam, known as Janissaries Fought on foot Used firearms Eventually became powerful, independent faction Controlled business, lost interest in military ventures

Ottoman Administration Led by a Sultan Administrators (governors) led local provinces Collected taxes Janissaries weaken over time Europeans catch up economically/militarily Ottomans simply fall behind

The Mughal Empire (moo-gal)

The Mughal Empire (f. 1526 CE) Followed collapse of Delhi Sultanate Babur was from Turkey, not Mongolia Mughal means ‘Mongol’ Babur was descendant of Genghis Khan

Mughal Administration Population ~100 million Efficient government Akbar (r. 1556-1605) Most capable leader Strong economy based on trade Cotton- main export To Europe for silver No navy, invited foreigners to trade at ports

Tolerance of Hinduism Mughals were Muslim Most of India’s population was Hindu Early attempts to enslave Hindu POWs Akbar, others, promoted harmony with Hindus Akbar marries Hindu woman Relations improved, though tension remained Many lower castes converted to Islam Hoped to improve quality of life

Decline of Mughal Empire Began to decline in 1700s Difficulty managing conquered areas Especially southern India Division between Muslims, Hindus never solved Land-grants (similar to European feudalism) Created local leadership, caused higher taxes Reluctance to move forward technologically British Imperialism

China Late Ming/Early Qing (‘Ching’)

Decline of the Ming Dynasty Had replaced Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty Decline begins after 1600 “Little Ice Age” Famine, starvation, disease Poor agricultural productivity New World silver causes inflation (rising prices) Population growth was low Border invasions, internal rebellion

Rise of the Qing Dynasty (Similar to Glorious Revolution) Rebels attacked Beijing (capital city) Ming general invites Manchus (Manchurians) to invade China Take control from rebels 1644 – Manchu overthrow Ming Dynasty Qing is established as China’s last dynasty Rule until 1912

China during the Qing Dynasty Manchus were foreigners Minority population Relied on Chinese to help government

Foreign Trade Europeans continued to seek trade with China 1500s- Portugal, Spain, Holland pursued trade Chinese were reluctant to participate By 1600s, Dutch East India Company became primary European trader

Traders brought Jesuits. -Converted Chinese elites to Christianity Traders brought Jesuits -Converted Chinese elites to Christianity -Jesuits revise teachings to allow Confucianism European Contributions Chinese Contributions First vaccine for smallpox Management techniques Trade goods Silk Tea Porcelain Wallpaper Mapmaking Astronomy Anatomical and pharmaceutical knowledge Attempted to control trade with China to avoid strict taxes, fail.

Civilization in Japan

Early Japanese History Mountainous region Began as many small states spread throughout islands Unified between 300-400 CE Perhaps by invaders from Korea

Centralization (600s CE) Japan models itself after Tang Centralized government Legal codes National histories Architecture City Planning Adapt Chinese model, not copy Maintained emperor Native religion (Shinto) survives along with Buddhism

Shinto Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits belief in sacred power (kami) in both animate and inanimate things. The state religion of Japan until 1945.

Political Development Heian Period (794 CE – 1185 CE) Fujiwara clan controlled government Late 1000s- warrior clans became wealthy/powerful Kamakura Shogunate established Shogun becomes true leader Shogun – commander-in-chief, military leader Emperor exists as a symbol/figurehead

The Tokugawa Shogunate Shoguns reunite Japan after civil war in 1600 Tokugawa continued feudal society Loyal regional lords (daimyo) rewarded with land Non-supportive lords sent to North or South Samurai become bureaucrats, consumers Promote rise of independent wealthy merchant class

European Contact Jesuits arrive in late 1500s Limited success in conversions Exception- Farmers of southern/eastern Japan Rebellion in region blamed on Jesuits Christians were persecuted, Christianity outlawed Japan closes borders to all foreigners Policy lasts from 1649 until 1866 Was designed to prevent spread of foreign influence Small groups of European traders were allowed to trade From Nagasaki (port city) only