Society during the Reformation

Counter-Reformation Misnomer; not exclusively a response to the Reformation; reform happening long before Reformation Thomas a Kempis Erasmus Michelangelo and the spirituali Ursulines (1535)- education for women of all social classes Jesuits aka Society of Jesus (1540)- founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola Ended up having the mission of re-converting Protestants to Catholicism Spiritual Exercises: self-control and discipline Mysticism (revival mostly in Spain of monastic spirituality); emphasis on the interior life and an intimate relationship with God through contemplation St. Teresa of Avila St. John of the Cross Council of Trent (1545-1563) No change in doctrine Clarified doctrine for Lutherans and Calvinists Moral change: no more selling of indulgences, training priests, keeping bishops at home, etc.

Magisterial Protestantism “Magisterial” refers to the fact that Luther and Calvin are going to reform within the context of laws, institutions, government, and society they are in. They will work closely with the government to reform, using the government to coerce people to follow moral laws Alcohol and prostitution are GONE in Protestant cities Monasteries and convents disappear; fewer clergy and churches; worship in vernacular instead of Latin Clergy can marry Churches stripped bare to keep the focus on God Sola scriptura Over half will re-convert to Catholicism

Women Status increases in Protestant cities (idea that Christ has freed everyone- makes everyone equal) Sacredness of home and family Women have more of an active role in the Church since clergy can marry Greater window/opportunity for divorce; women can procur one much more easily and almost as equally as men Increase in education Increase in ability to write and publish Married later on in 20’s; higher mortality rate because they are having children later on More remarriage for men More premarital sex and illegitimate children Large unmarried population Nuclear family; 2-4 surviving children Arranged marriages under better conditions Wet-nursing controversial

Education Reformation is an overall very humanist movement Focus on the city Eloquence Greek texts and translating the Bible into the vernacular Studia humanitatis Virtue and personal piety Anti-scholastic in a lot of ways Luther transcends the scholastic-humanist divide in many ways

Literature Miguel Cervantes: Don Quixote Shakespeare Medieval chivalry Idealism and realism Shakespeare The man who needs no introduction