Dictators, Leadership Challenges, and Ethnic Clashes

Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions (1 - 2) Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Overview How ethnic and sectarian politics undermine democracy in Africa The tensions between Arabs and Africans in Sudan The tensions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda The tensions between Afrikaners, English, and Africans in Zimbabwe and South Africa The civil wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo Chapter 3, Lesson 3

(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) Quick Write Why do you think Nelson Mandela’s example of leadership was important to South Africa? To Africa as a whole? (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) Chapter 3, Lesson 3

How Ethnic and Sectarian Politics Undermine Democracy in Africa Dictators make it difficult to hold free elections Sectarian politics hinders justice and equal treatment under the law Ethnic clashes severely deter economic development Chapter 3, Lesson 3

The Tensions Between Arabs and Africans in Sudan 1956: Sudan gained independence Fell into civil war almost immediately The war lasted 17 years Violence, famine, and disease killed more than 2 million people Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Abraham McLaughlin / © 2005 The Christian Science Monitor

The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda 85% of Rwanda’s people are Hutus—they were the original inhabitants Tutsi people began moving into Rwanda in 15th Century They gradually subjugated—conquered or subdued—the Hutus 1959: Hutus overthrew Tutsis Chapter 3, Lesson 3

The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, cont. Meanwhile Rwandan exiles banded together as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) 1990: RPF invaded—this started a civil war July, 1992: Ceasefire Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Melanie Stetson Freeman / © 2006 The Christian Science Monitor

The Tensions Between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, cont. 1994: Aircraft carrying president of Rwanda shot down Militia groups started to kill Tutsis or moderate Hutus Chaos that ensued was genocide As many as 1 million people murdered May 2003: Rwanda’s new constitution eliminated reference to ethnicity Chapter 3, Lesson 3

There was tension between the Afrikaners and the British, too Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, & Africans in Zimbabwe & South Africa Union of South Africa formed in 1910: All political power remained in white hands There was tension between the Afrikaners and the British, too In 1948 election, the Reconstituted National Party (HNP) ran on a platform called “apartheid”—total separation of the races Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, & Africans in Zimbabwe & South Africa, cont. 1912: Black South Africans’ efforts to end restrictions began—founded African National Congress (ANC) 1960s: government banned the ANC Nelson Mandela and others went to prison Chapter 3, Lesson 3 R. Norman Matheny / © 1984 The Christian Science Monitor

Tensions Between Afrikaners, English, & Africans in Zimbabwe & South Africa, cont. Black protests (1976, 1985) convinced some National Party members time had come for change 1990: government lifted ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison In first-ever nonracial elections, South Africans elected Mandela as president Chapter 3, Lesson 3

The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo Americo-Liberians ruled Liberia rather than indigenous Africans 1980: An indigenous Liberian seized power 1989: a band of rebels invaded by Charles Taylor Ensuing civil war took more than 200,000 lives Ultimately Taylor went into exile in Nigeria 2005: Liberians voted again in the freest, fairest, and most peaceful elections Chapter 3, Lesson 3

The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo, cont. 1991: the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) attacked villages near Sierra Leone’s Liberian border Seeking control of diamond mines National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) took power Eventually the international community stepped in 2002: President Kabbah declared end to the civil war Chapter 3, Lesson 3

The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo, cont. The 1997 Civil War in the Congo (Brazzaville): Lissouba Sassou-Nguesso Kolelas Violence caused great destruction and death 1999: government signed agreements with rebel groups; Lissouba and Kolelas refused to take part, and were exiled Sassou-Nguesso won the presidential election Chapter 3, Lesson 3

The Civil Wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo, cont. 1965: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko had taken power in a coup 1996: Laurent-Désiré Kabila formed an armed group (AFDL) whose goal was to oust Mobutu Supported by forces from Rwanda and Uganda, the AFDL began a campaign Kabila declared himself president A military deadlock led to the Lusaka Accord in August 1999 Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Learning Check Questions CPS Questions (3 - 4) Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Find and circle the vocabulary Activity 1: Dictators, Leadership Challenges, and Ethnic Clashes Review Find and circle the vocabulary words in the puzzle. Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Activity 2: Bringing Rwandans Home Do you think President Kagame did the right thing? Why or why not? If you were in the same situation, would you be able to live as neighbors with those who may have participated in the genocide? Why or why not? Do you think it is a good policy to outlaw references to ethnicity in today’s Rwanda? Why or why not? Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Activity 3: Cause and Effect of Various Conflicts Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Activity 3: Cause and Effect of Various Conflicts Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Technology Enrichment: Genocide and Intervention What was the cause of the genocide? What was the extent of the government’s involvement in the genocide? How was the genocide stopped? What peacekeeping efforts are going on, if any? What would you do to prevent the genocide from recurring? Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Review Sectarian politics hinders justice and equal treatment under the law Sudan’s civil war lasted 20 years During that time, violence, famine, and disease killed more than 2 million people As many as 1 million people were murdered during the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Review, cont. In their first-ever nonracial elections, South Africans elected Nelson Mandela as their president in 1994 The Liberian Civil War from 1989 to 1996 took more than 200,000 lives A military deadlock in the Democratic Republic of the Congo led to the Lusaka Accord August 1999 Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Review Questions CPS Questions (5 – 6) Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Summary How ethnic and sectarian politics undermine democracy in Africa The tensions between Arabs and Africans in Sudan The tensions between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda The tensions between Afrikaners, English, and Africans in Zimbabwe and South Africa The civil wars of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Congo Chapter 3, Lesson 3

Next…. Done—Dictators, Leadership Challenges, and Ethnic Clashes Next—AIDS, Health, Poverty, and Human Rights Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Mary Knox Merrill / © 2009 The Christian Science Monitor