How to Study for Exams Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once. Focus on Understanding not Memorization Step 1: Identify the information to be tested. complete review guide, read over notes provided by teacher review Quizlet if available Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with) Write down questions you have about this material Seek out the answers to these questions Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read) Write your own review questions, then answer them Chunk the material and write summaries Make flash cards Draw a picture of the information Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines) Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most) Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent Quiz each other on the material Take turns reading your summaries Explain your notes to them, teach the material Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

Chapter 18: An Era of Reform Second Great Awakening: a revival of religious feelings and belief from the 1800s to 1840. Appealed to peoples emotion and offered the idea that everyone can gain forgiveness (saved for good work). Led to other reform movements (Prison, education, abolition and women’s rights) Transcendentalism a philosophy emphasizing that people should transcend or go beyond logical thinking to reach true understanding with the help of emotions and intuition. Trust your emotions and gut (intuition) Question societies rules Don’t conform Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau (were a famous transcendentalists)

Prison Reform: Dorthea Dix: leading reformer.. Saw dirty overcrowded prisons Felt resolved to fight for the rights of the mentally ill Wrote reports about what she saw and worked to change the laws and conditions. Conditions before reform: Prisoners locked up in cages horrible treatment of prisoners debtors, mentally ill Bound in chains, whipped children and hardened criminals all locked up together Reforms: Massachusetts and other states created public asylums for mentally ill. State governments stopped putting debtors in prison Most states created special justice systems for children Many states outlawed cruel punishment

Horace Mann leading reformer Education Reform: goal was to create a public school system for all people. Improved schooling for all ages (high school and colleges) Women and African Americans still faced discrimination Horace Mann leading reformer Saw poor children stealing and destroying property when they should have been in school. Spoke out about the need for public school Believed that women and African Americans should have more educational opportunity Conditions Before Reform Schools were often part time Single room school house Teachers had limited education Teachers receive little pay Reforms In Massachusetts citizens voted to pay teachers higher salaries Massachusetts also established special training schools for teachers By 1850, white boys in many states attended free public schools In 1860s most public universities accepted female students.

Abolition Abolitionist: a person who supports abolition or the ending of slavery. Influential abolitionists included: William Lloyd Garrison -wrote the Liberator & called for immediate emancipation White man outraged by slavery Proslavery groups attacked him and destroyed his printing press and burned his house Fredrick Douglass -former slave, wrote the North Star As a slave witnessed brutal and cruel treatments Wrote about his experiences and the injustice of slavery Spoke to abolition groups about the conditions of slavery Sojourner Truth -former slave, well known speaker (Ain’t I a women), also took part in women’s rights movement Saw women and African Americans being treated as inferior (less than) Preached and spoke out about injustices slaves and women faced Felt optimistic that God will end slavery peacefully The abolition movement paved the way for the women’s movement because women working towards abolition began to see their own oppression

Women’s Rights Suffrage the right to vote Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and Lucy Stone attended an abolition convention in London and were outraged when they were not allowed to participate. So they started the movement to gain equal rights for women (suffrage, own property, control money, hold office) Seneca Falls Convention the gathering of supporters for women’s rights in July 1848 that launched the movement for women’s suffrage The suffrage campaign would continue until 1920 (19th amendment) Other rights were achieved more quickly Declaration of Sentiments a formal statement of injustices suffered by women, written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Modeled on the Declaration of Independence. Sentiments means beliefs or convictions. Susan B. Anthony – leader in the women’s rights movement. Called for fair treatment for women and suffrage. Conditions Before Reform Men controlled wives money and property Husbands can discipline wives however they want Women could not speak in public Women have no representation in government Reforms Massachusetts and Indiana passed more liberal divorce laws Elizabeth Blackwell started her own hospital and medical school Eventually women got the right to vote