Kingdom Diversity

Taxonomy Hierarchy of classification: (Domain then Kingdom- Largest and most encompassing) (Species- smallest grouping- includes organisms that can interbreed) Binomial Nomenclature = Scientific naming includes Genus and Species Genus is capitalized while species is lowercase. When in print, scientific name is italicized When handwritten, scientific name is underlined

3 Domains and 6 kingdoms in tree of life

Eubacteria Cell type - Prokaryotes Number of cells - Unicellular Nutrition - Both heterotrophic and autotrophic forms Have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan is made of amino acids and carbohydrates and is present in the cell walls of eubacteria.

Bacterial Shapes

Bacteria Examples

Archaebacteria Cell type - Prokaryotes Number of cells - Unicellular Nutrition - Both heterotrophic and autotrophic forms Have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan and therefore cannot be stained using gram staining techniques Can survive in harsh environmental conditions Examples: halophiles, thermophiles alkaliphiles, and acidophiles

Thermoacidophiles Thermophiles

Protista Cell Type - Eukaryotic Number of cells - Both unicellular and multicellular forms Found in moist/wet environments Nutrition - Both autotrophic and heterotrophic forms Some with cell walls, some without.

Fungi Cell type - Eukaryotic Number of cells - Both Multicellular and Unicellular forms Nutrition - Heterotrophic Decomposers Excrete enzymes to Digest food externally then Absorb nutrients from environment Saprophytes Living off of dead matter Have cell walls Made of chitin

Plantae Cell type - Eukaryotic # of Cells - Multicellular Nutrition - Autotrophic/ Photosynthetic Producers Have cell walls Made of cellulose

Plant Adaptations Tropism- a plant’s response to its environment Plants control their growth in response to stimuli by using hormones. Hormones- chemicals made the organism & travel to another part of the organism. Affects the organisms activities at that location.

Plant Adaptations Hormones used by plants Auxins are plant hormones that regulate phototropism. Gibberellins- plant growth hormones that cause the plant to grow taller Abscisic Acid- plant hormone that inhibits growth and cell division.

Plant Adaptations Geotropism- a plant’s response to gravity

Plant Adaptations Phototropism- a plant’s response to light

Thigmotropism- a plant’s response to touch

Plant Adaptations- Cont. Dormancy- plant seeds will not sprout unless favorable environmental conditions exist. Waxy coating on leaves- to protect from evaporation/conserve water Insulation- thick bark on conifers to protect against fire Flexible branches- branches bend rather than breaking under weight from snow and ice Pollination by: wind, insects, birds, or other animals.

Animalia Cell type - Eukaryotes # of cells - Multicellular Nutrition - Heterotrophic NO Cell Walls

Animal Adaptations Behavior Adaptations Inherited behavior Innate behavior Reflex simple quick automatic behavior For example, blinking Instincts More complex May be a combination of behaviors May take longer For example, courtship behaviors Territorial Behavior Animals may exhibit aggression to protect: Territory Food source Young offspring Animal Adaptations

Animal Adaptations Cont. Migration- animals move to warmer climates during cold winter months. Hibernation- physiological change where animal’s body temperature drops, consumption of oxygen decreases, and breathing rate decreases for cold winter months Estivation- physiological change where animals reduce metabolic rate from extreme heat, lack of food, or long periods of drought Learned behavior Habituation Imprinting

Animal Adaptations Defense Adaptations Mechanical Defenses Camouflage Cryptic coloration Disruptive coloration countershading Chemical Defenses Poisons Irritants or taste bad Nutrient exclusion