Yuchun Luo, Lixia Z. Ellis, Katiuscia Dallaglio, Moe Takeda, William A

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Side Population Cells from Human Melanoma Tumors Reveal Diverse Mechanisms for Chemoresistance Yuchun Luo, Lixia Z. Ellis, Katiuscia Dallaglio, Moe Takeda, William A. Robinson, Steven E. Robinson, Weimin Liu, Karl D. Lewis, Martin D. McCarter, Rene Gonzalez, David A. Norris, Dennis R. Roop, Richard A. Spritz, Natalie G. Ahn, Mayumi Fujita Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 132, Issue 10, Pages 2440-2450 (October 2012) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.161 Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Side population (SP) is a rare population in patient melanoma tissues. (a) A representative SP flow cytometry profile from a patient tumor tissue (MB952-F0). Cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye in the presence (left panel) or absence (right panel) of verapamil. SP cells are shown in the lower left gated area. (b) Frequency of SP fractions in eight patient melanoma specimens (F0 tumors) and selected F1 tumors. (c) Study schema. Clinical melanoma specimens (F0) were used for SP analysis and copy number analysis. Tumor specimens used in each analysis are listed in parentheses. Tumors were serially passaged into mice (F1, F2,---, Fn) for further analyses. NA, not analyzed. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012 132, 2440-2450DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.161) Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Drug resistance of side population (SP) cells. (a, left panels) Microscopic images of MB1009-F1 cells following 48-hour treatment with vehicle, paclitaxel, or temozolomide in vitro. Bar=100μm. (a, right panel) Average number of cells in each microscopic field (n=6). (b, left panels) SP cells from MB952-F1 tumors after in vitro treatment. (b, right panel) Percentage of SP cells (n=3). (c) Growth curve of MB1009-F2 tumors after treatment with vehicle, paclitaxel, or temozolomide in vivo (n=6). ***P<0.001 compared with vehicle. (d, left panels) SP cells from MB952-F2 tumors after in vivo treatment. (d, right panel) Percentage of SP cells (n=3). (e) Viability of SP and non-SP cells from HS294T after 72hours of treatment with vehicle, paclitaxel, or temozolomide (n=3). All data represent mean±SE. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012 132, 2440-2450DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.161) Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Expression of ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporters in side population (SP) cells. (a) List of ABC transporters upregulated by >2-fold in SP cells from the microarray analysis, and their fold changes and functions. The genes with a fold change of >10.0 are underlined. NA indicates that gene function is not characterized. (b) Real-time quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT-PCR) validation of ABCB5 and ABCB1 expression (mean±SE) in SP cells from MF347-F1 and MB1009-F1 tumors (n=3). GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (c, left panel) Representative flow cytometry analysis of ABCB1 and ABCB5 in SP and non-SP cells from HS294T. (c, right panel) Percentage of positive cells in SP and non-SP cells. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012 132, 2440-2450DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.161) Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Mechanisms for paclitaxel resistance in side population (SP) cells. (a) Real-time quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT-PCR) of ABCB1 and ABCB5 in HS294T after in vitro drug treatment (n=3). GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (b, left panels) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), ABCB1, and ABCB5 staining of M1009-F2 tumors after in vivo treatment. Bar=100μm. (b, right panel) Percentage of positive cells (n=3). (c) Viability of MB952-F1 melanoma cells following treatment, with or without verapamil in vitro (n=3). (d) qRT-PCR and western blot analysis of ABCB1 and ABCB5 in HS294T after small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection of scrambled (si-ctrl), ABCB1 (si-ABCB1), or ABCB5 (si-ABCB5) (n=3). (e, left panels) SP cells in HS294T after siRNA transfection. (e, right panel) Percentage of SP cells (n=3). (f) Viability of siRNA-transfected cells after 72hours of treatment with paclitaxel or temozolomide (n=9). All data represent mean±SE. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012 132, 2440-2450DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.161) Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Mechanisms for temozolomide resistance in side population (SP) cells. (a) Heatmap of temozolomide resistance genes. Red/green colors represent high/low expressions. (b, c) Real-time quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT-PCR; left panels) and ELISA (right panels) of IL-8 in (b) patient-derived tumors and (c) HS294T. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (d) qRT-PCR of IL-8 in HS294T after treatment. (e) Viability of SP and non-SP from HS294T cultured with or without temozolomide, and treated with vehicle or anti-CXCR1. (f) qRT-PCR (left panel) and ELISA (right panel) of IL-8 after small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection of scrambled (si-ctrl) or IL-8 (si-IL-8) in HS294T. (g, upper panel) Representative SP cells after IL-8-siRNA transfection in HS294T. (g, lower panel) Percentage of SP cells after transfection. (h) Viability of IL-8-siRNA-transfected HS294T after treatment. All data represent mean±SE. (n=3 except h where n=9). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012 132, 2440-2450DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.161) Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Differentially expressed genes in side population (SP) cells. (a) A list of microarray genes that most discriminated SP from non-SP cells (P<0.001, fold change >15). (b) Real-time quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT-PCR) expression levels (mean±SE) of PCDHB11, FUK, and TBX2 in SP and non-SP cells (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01. (c) Copy number analysis of genes analyzed in this study from F0 to Fn tumors from two patient-derived tumors. (d) Two different drug resistance systems exist in SP cells. ABC transporters contribute to transporter resistance by pumping out drugs that are their substrates. Intrinsic resistance represents inherent survival systems in SP cells, such as induction of certain signaling pathways, enzyme systems, reduced apoptosis, and increased DNA repair. Non-SP cells are sensitive to drug exposure because they lack the resistant systems. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2012 132, 2440-2450DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.161) Copyright © 2012 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions