Library Systems: Strategic technical infrastructure to meet current needs and prepare for the future Marshall Breeding Independent Consultant, Author, and Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides https://librarytechnology.org/ https://twitter.com/mbreeding 13 June 2018 107. Deutscher Bibliothekartag 2018

Abstract Libraries face many challenges in current times to provide collections and services in ways that meet the needs of their communities or parent organization. Public, academic, school, and other research libraries increasingly diverge in the nature of their work and in what they require of their technical system, yet they also share some core methods and principles. Changes in the publishing industry and in scholarly communications have made a profound impact on libraries. Transitions from print to electronic publication and from restrictions of subscription-based business models to open access have dramatically changed how libraries develop, manage, and provide access to their collections. The widespread adoption of smartphones in the consumer realm shapes expectations on the interfaces libraries provide for their services. A variety of trends in on the technical front impact the development of library systems, including open source versus proprietary software, increasing deployment via cloud technologies and multi-tenant platforms, and a growing interest in the microservices architecture. All these trends help shape the resource management and discovery systems upon which libraries depend. Breeding will provide an overview of the current library technology landscape relative to these trends and suggest some directions that these technologies might head in their next phase of development.

Library Technology Guides https://librarytechnology.org

Library Technology Industry Reports American Libraries Library Journal 2013: Rush to Innovate 2012: Agents of Change 2011: New Frontier 2010: New Models, Core Systems 2009: Investing in the Future 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil 2007: An industry redefined 2006: Reshuffling the deck 2005: Gradual evolution 2004: Migration down, innovation up 2003: The competition heats up 2002: Capturing the migrating customer 2014: Strategic Competition and Cooperation 2015: Operationalizing Innovation 2016: Power Plays 2017: Competing visions for Technology, openness, workflows 2018: New Technologies enable an expended vision of library services

“Competing visions for technology, openness, and workflow” Library System Report 2017 “Competing visions for technology, openness, and workflow” https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2017/05/01/library-systems-report-2017/

2017: Competing Visions Assembly of companies with involvement in business activities spanning technology and content Synergies among business activities which will give insight to inform business strategies without imposing control on their library customers Horizontal and Vertical Consolidation Mergers among companies with similar business activates Expansion into new areas of business Library technology increasingly part of the mix

Consolidation: deep and wide Horizontal consolidation: M&A among ILS and RFID companies SirsiDynix Innovative Bibliotheca Lucidea Vertical Consolidation: Acquisition into top-level companies Content + Technology + Services ProQuest: Acquisition of Ex Libris, Serials Solutions EBSCO: FOLIO, Stacks, etc Follett: Acquisition of Baker & Taylor

OCLC: Dominates Resource Sharing Centralized Interlibrary Loan: WorldShare ILL Continues ILL services in place since the earliest years of OCLC Distributed ILL and consortial borrowing Acquisition of Relais International in January 2017 ILL transaction management Distribution of ILLiad Development of Tipasa

OCLC Acquisitions Relais International (Jan 2017) Sustainable Collections (Jan 2015) Huijsmans en Kuijpers Automatisering – HKA (Oct 2013) Amlib (Sept 2008) EZProxy (Jan 2008) DiMema / CONTENTdm (Aug 2006) Research Libraries Group (Jul 2006) Openly Informatics (Jan 2006) Sisis Informationssysteme (Jun 2005) PICA (1999-2007)

OCLC Consolidates Resource Sharing WorldShare ILL: global centralized interlibrary loan brokering system Relais: D2D peer to peer borrowing system Tipasa: ILL Management built on WorldShare; replaces ILLiad Greenglass collection analysis (Sustainable Collections) RLG (2006) CBS: used for union catalog and ILL services in many European countries and regions.

Library Services Platform Library-specific software. Technical infrastructure to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services Services Services-oriented architecture Exposes Web services and other API’s Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users Platform General infrastructure for library automation Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

Library Services Platforms New genre of resource management Workflows unified across electronic, print, and digital formats Flexible metadata management: MARC, Dublin Core, BIBFRAME, etc Deployed via web-native multi-tenant platform Built-in analytics and decision support Replaces multiple incumbent products

Library Services Platforms – Functional Manages electronic and print formats of materials Replaces multiple incumbent products Extensive Metadata Management Multiple procurement workflows Knowledgebases Built-in collection analytics Decision support for collection development

Platform characteristics Technical infrastructure to support complex business applications Delivers common services: data stores, messaging, events, workflow engine Agnostic relative to structure of higher-level applications Common UI framework Designed for multitenancy

Resource Management Models Category Integrated Library System Progressive integrated library System Library Services Platform Resources managed Physical Print, electronic Electronic, Physical Technology platform Server-based Multi-tenant SaaS Knowledgebases None e-holdings, bibliographic Patron interfaces Browser-based Staff interfaces Graphical Desktop (Java Swing, Windows, Mac OS) Procurement models Purchase Purchase, license license Hosting option Local install, ASP SaaS Only Interoperability Batch transfer, proprietary API Batch transfer, RESTful APIs, APIs (mostly RESTful) Products SirsiDynix Symphony, Millennium, Polaris Sierra, SirsiDynix Symphony/BLUEcloud, Polaris, Apollo WorldShare Management Services, Alma, FOLIO Development strategy Brownfield Greenfield

LSP Development Timeline

“New Technologies Enable an Expanded vision of Library Services” Library System Report 2018 “New Technologies Enable an Expanded vision of Library Services”

2018: New Tech / Expanded Vision Resource Management and Discovery products relatively mature Increased interest on products supporting services beyond collections Extend academic library technologies in support of the research agenda of the university Support teaching through learning management integration and copyright management Advancing resource sharing strategies Ex Libris: shared resource management infrastructure for multi- campus systems and consortia OCLC: Consolidation of products for centralized and peer-to- peer interlibrary loan (WorldShare ILL, Relais D2D, Tipasa)

ProQuest – EBSCO dynamic EBSCO Information Service Content: ProQuest platform OASIS acquisitions Ex Libris + PQ product suite Alma Primo, Summon Strategy of platform bundling: Alma + Primo EBSCOhost EBSCO Discovery Service GOBI acquisitions service Strategy of Integrating discovery into all other platforms Open Source Strategy: FOLIO Koha

Scientific Workflow and Analytics   Elsevier Digital Science Clarivate Citation database Scopus Dimensions Web of Science Content indexed 69 million publications from 5,000 publishers; 22,800 journals; 150,000 books 89 million publications; 870 million citations 68 million publications; 33,000 journals; 88,000 books Analytics SciVal Plum Analytics PlumX Altmetric InSites Essential Science Indicators Reference Manager Mendeley EndNote Research information management system Pure Symplectic  Converis Journal Publication Manager ScholarOne / Publons Repository  bepress FigShare Scientific collaborative network SSRN Ownership RELX Holtzbrinck Publishing Group Baring Private Equity Asia

2017 LSP Sales + Installations Library Services Platforms Total Contracts Install Product Company 2017 2016 2015 Alma Ex Libris 116 132 88 1095 WorldShare Management Services OCLC 52 83 68 521

Vendor Personnel Statistics (2017) https://librarytechnology.org/vendors/personnel/

Vendor Personnel Statistics (2017) https://librarytechnology.org/vendors/personnel/

Weighted annual sales reports Alma: https://librarytechnology.org//guides/ils-annual-sales- report.pl?Product=Alma&Year=2017 2017: 12,415 Cumulative: 48,633 OCLC WorldShare Management Services https://librarytechnology.org//guides/ils-annual-sales- report.pl?Product=WorldShare%20Management%20Services&Year=2 017 2017:1,865 Cumulative:14,484

Ex Libris Knowledgebase and Index Strategy Interfaces and applications will remain, with internal content components consolidated Summon index extended with unique content from Primo Central New consolidated index will power both Summon and Primo ProQuest knowledge base will be extended with unique content from SFX / Alma knowledgebase New knowledge base will power Alma, SFX, 360 Link, etc

Alma discovery strategy Primo bundled with Alma by default Tight integration, shared knowledgebases Summon now offered as a supported patron interface Active support for open source discovery: Blacklight, VuFind Other options possible via APIs No officially supported use of EDS as patron interface for Alma

Beyond library management Starting point: Management, discovery, and access to collections Leverage platforms to address new areas of library service Curriculum support: Leganto (including SIPX) Research Services Platform: Esploro Increase visibility, efficiency, and impact of institutional research Support for services with strategic importance to the university

Ex Libris moving beyond Alma Alma continues to evolve in functionality, but now considered by Ex Libris a stable and robust system Leverage the platform to address other pressing needs of academic institutions, even beyond the library Leganto: integration of library resources into learning management systems SIPX: Management of course materials and copyright management Esploro: Research Information Management System campusM platform: mobile-friendly content management platform for academic institutions

Alma Migration Report

Alma Perceptions scores

OCLC WorldShare Management Services Strategic resource management platform developed by OCLC Other apps built on the WorldShare Platform: WorldShare License Manager WorldShare Interlibrary Loan Tipasa ILL management system (replaces ILLiad)

WMS Migration Report

WMS Implementations by Type

WMS Implementations by Size

WMS Perceptions scores

Axiell Quria Open source library services platform for public libraries Fresh start for development of technology infrastructure for public libraries Digital first design Program and event management Customer service module Built-in analytics Pilot libraries now in production: Drammen Public Library (Norway) Mediathek Lahr (Germany) See: Breeding, Marshall. (2016). Axiell Launches Quria: New Library Services Platform for Public Libraries. Smart Libraries Newsletter 36 (7), 3-6.

Shared Infrastructure Participating institutions share a single instance of a Library Services Platform or Integrated Library System Consolidated bibliographic database

Academic Shared Infrastructure Projects selecting Alma Orbis Cascade Alliance (37 libraries) State University of New York (61 campuses) WHELF: Academic libraries in Wales BIBSYS: 205 National, Academic, Special libraries in Norway California State University (23 campuses) University of Georgia system: all public universities Detroit Area Library Network Österreichische Bibliothekenverbund und Service Gesellschaft in Austria

Denmark Joint Library System Shared instance of Cicero library management developed by Systematic ServespPublic and school libraries in all 98 Municipalities in Denmark 2,428 library facilities Serves population of 4.2 million 62 Million items 50+ million annual circulation transactions

Vendor Personnel Statistics

Open Source Software Expanding access to technology

General observations Wealthy regions primarily use proprietary products Sophisticated systems, but with substantial costs for libraries Proprietary products not affordable by most libraries in developing world Open source ILS products have comparable capabilities and can be implemented at lower costs Gaps in functionality between open source and proprietary ILS products continue to narrow Open source options for electronic resource management are available, but have less capabilities Lack of open access knowledgebase and discovery index

Open Source vs Proprietary Software Library software available under both models Proprietary software tends to be adopted in libraries with more robust budgets …but many libraries in wealthy countries also use open source ILS products Open source software widely implemented in developing nations Commercial support of open source represents a growing portion of ILS implementations in the US

Open Source Software The source code to the software must be made available Can be modified and shared No fees can be charged for the software itself Fees can be charged for services for open source software products: Support Hosting Migration Customizations OSS licenses specify different terms for sharing, re-use, commercial use, etc. (GPL, Apache)

Trends in Open Source Open source now a routine segment of strategic library automation Implementation models: Commercial support Independent with community support Support through governmental organizations Development models Distributed community Mostly centralized within a commercial community (Example Kuali suite of applications for universities)

Open source Library Tech Products Integrated library systems: Koha Evergreen Invenio (commercial support from TIND) ABCD ILS based on CDS/ISIS components Library Services Platforms FOLIO Still in development phase Discovery interfaces VuFind (PHP + SOLR) Blacklight (Ruby + SOLR)

Open Source ILS in the United States Koha: small to mid-sized public libraries Schools Some small to mid-sized academics for print collections; reliance on Coral or other products for electronic resource management Evergreen Public library consortia Typical: large consortium comprised mostly of small and mid-sized public libraries Koha + Evergreen: about15% of overall ILS deployments

Koha Originally developed in 1999 for small group of libraries in New Zealand, Horowhenua Library Trust by Katipo Communications, production use by January 2000 Gained widespread use in the United States around 2004-05 and has seen steady growth in use Wide international adoption Used in many thousands of libraries. 2,682 represented in libraries.org, with many large groups not yet registered. Dominant open source SIGB in Latin America

Koha Worldwide

National Projects to deploy Koha Philippines: A systematic effort to install Koha in the public libraries sponsored by the state libraries Turkey: 1,200+ public libraries Spain: Koha-Kobli http://kobli.bage.es/ Argentina. CONABIP (Comisión Nacional de Bibliotecas Populares) Customized version of Koha: DigiBepe http://www.conabip.gob.ar/faq/digibepe

FOLIO Open source library services platform Designed for multitenancy Based on Microservices architecture Designed for multiple deployments In development phase: expect first libraries to go into production in 2018

EBSCO Supports new Open Source Project FOLIO the Future of the Library is Open https://www.folio.org/ A community collaboration to develop an open source Library Services Platform designed for innovation. American Libraries feature: https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2016/04/22/ ebsco-kuali-open-source-project/

FOLIO background Initially oriented to academic libraries Academic libraries interested in Library Services Platform Narrow options (Ex Libris Alma, OCLC WorldShare Management Services) Unbundle Discovery from Resource Management Choice for patron-facing services Alternative functional approach based on apps and modules

Technology Microservices architecture Modular Enables choice for discovery Pluggable modules Not monolithic

FOLIO Platform

} Monolithic Application: Enterprise SOA Model Scripts/ Third Party Systems User Interfaces API endpoints Web service Presentation Layer Application software Business Logic } Reusable Composable Services Enterprise Service Bus Database Engine Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

Microservices-based Application Scripts/ Third Party Systems User Interfaces API endpoints Presentation Layer / UI Toolkit API Gateway Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Microservice Data Store Web service Run time libraries Application software Service components Persistence / System Layer

Organization Independent foundation Financial support from EBSCO http://www.openlibraryfoundation.org/ Financial support from EBSCO Index Data contracted for Initial development Community support from Open Library Environment (formerly Kuali OLE) Synergy with Global Open Knowledgebase (GOKb)

EBSCO Involvement Not owned by EBSCO EBSCO provides financial and in-kind resources Governed through independent non-profit Participation by Kuali OLE Engage with developers from libraries, consortia, and commercial entities EBSCO will provide hosting services Based on modules and pluggable apps

Timeline Aug 2016: Release of base platform to developers 2018 - 2019: Initial versions available for early adopters Implementable tools and modules will be available prior to a comprehensive system

The current state of the art Two well-established products Two projects in pilot or development phase Transition to new technology infrastructure important strategically, difficult operationally Initial focus on academic libraries spreading to Public libraries Provide a foundation to support expanding visions of library service in curriculum support, research management, and other campus services

Index-based Discovery Services Mostly for Academic and Research libraries

Web-scale Index-based Discovery ILS Data Web-scale Index-based Discovery (2009- present) Digital Collections Search: Web Site Content Institutional Repositories Aggregated Content packages Search Results Consolidated Index Open Access … E-Journals Usage-generated Data Customer Profile Reference Sources Pre-built harvesting and indexing

Possibilities for Open Access discovery index Open source tools exist for discovery Interfaces: VuFind Blacklight No open access discovery indexes High threshold of expense and difficulty to build index Platform costs Software development Publisher relations Billions of content items to index and maintain

Yewno Discovery New approach to discovery based on exploring concepts rather than keywords Spin-off from Stanford University, led by Ruggero Gramatica Uses machine learning to extract concepts from documents Visual interface for navigating and exploring concepts within the body of documents

Yewno Discovery interface Quick demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSnhi55kmsY

Discoverability Enabling discovery of library resources through general web search engines

Browser Plugins Simple way to lead users to full text Examples: Unpaywall Offered by non-profit Impactstory Provides Unpaywall Data, a massive citation database, identifies open access content (100 million citations; 18 million open access articles) Koperio: acquired by Clarivate in April 2018 Library Access: plugin from Lean Library, startup out of Utrecht University

Library opts out of Discovery Utrecht University Library Decision to not implement a discovery service but to rely entirely on Google Scholar and other general and scholarly search engines http://www.uu.nl/en/university-library/searching- for-literature/searching-for-articles-books-theses (ongoing strategy as of 2017) Kortekaas , Simone. “Thinking the unthinkable: a library without a catalogue — Reconsidering the future of discovery tools for Utrecht University library.” LIBER General Annual Conference 2012

Discovery happens elsewhere* Only a portion of library users come to the libraries own website, catalog, or discovery service for research Important to have library-provided discovery options Also essential to ensure that library resources can be discovered and accessed through the general web. Google Scholar, Google, Microsoft Academic Search, etc Use Search Engine Optimization methodologies to expose library resources Lorcan Dempsey, VP and Chief Strategist OCLC

More Distributed Discovery Address the reality that discovery takes place outside of library provided interfaces Optimized exposure in the ecosystem of search engine and social network Not Concentrated on the Library web site Expression of discovery services via other campus tools and portals and beyond

Multi-layered discovery Native interfaces of specialized content services Disciplinary aggregations General library discovery tools Global Internet-based discovery

Discoverability Strategies Search Engine Optimization for library resources Linked data models: Schema.org BIBFRAME Commercial products Demco Software DiscoveryOocal Zepheira: Library.Link network, BIBFRAME, etc SirsiDynix BLUEcloud Visibility Innovative EBSCO Information Services

Schema.org Structured data methodology to deliver web-based resources that can be understood by computers as well as for presentation to humans Originally developed by Google, now widely supported by all search engines See: https://schema.org

Schema.org coding example <div itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Library"> <h2><meta itemprop="name" content="Nashville Public Library" /> <span itemprop="legalName">Nashville Public Library</span></h2> <div itemprop="address" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/PostalAddress"> Address: </span><span itemprop="streetAddress"> 615 Church Street<br /></span> …. </div> <!-- End microdata itemscope div -->

Google Structured Data Testing Tool

Mobile Discovery Google and other search engines increasingly consider search for mobile devices separately than general web search Avoid linking mobile devices to pages that they cannot display well Non-mobile friendly websites demoted or eliminated in mobile search results Essential for libraries to have responsive or mobile- friendly web sites

Integrate Discovery with Resource Management? Should there be a tight bundling of Discovery Services with Library Services Platforms: WorldCat Discovery Services + WorldShare Management Services Alma + Primo or Summon Also support for Blacklight or VuFind EBSCO rejects tight bundling Partners with almost all ILS products Support for open source FOLIO project Many libraries prefer providing discovery separately

Discovery from Content Providers Two of the major discovery services are tied to content providers: EBSCO Information Services EBSCO Discovery Service ProQuest: Summon Primo + Primo Central Explicit bias would not be tolerated by libraries Providing discovery services can provide insight into content acquisition and patron behaviors

Library Discovery Futures Beyond library-provided discovery

The future of Resource Discovery Discovery more integrated into a broader view of library content and services More comprehensive discovery indexes Discovery services enhanced by AI and machine learning Stronger technologies for search and retrieval Discovery beyond library-provided interfaces Linked Data to supplement discovery indexes

Future of discovery service products Remain one of the essential components of library technology infrastructure Loosely or tightly tied to resource management Increased sophistication in direct discovery and delivery functionality Increased expectation to syndicate content to local and global discovery context

The next phase of Discovery Now in a critical point for discovery Current products evolve Reaching limits of the prevailing architecture? Current set of products and services an interim step Important for stakeholders to engage in defining the future of library resource discovery Future products must address expected changes in scholarly publishing, library priorities, and institutional strategies.

Questions and discussion