GLOBAL INTERACTIONS C. 1450 - C. 1750 Source: AP World History Crash Course by: JP Harmon Ch 12; p 137 GLOBAL INTERACTIONS C. 1450 - C. 1750

Developing Governments Chapter 12 c. 1450 – c. 1750

Existing Governments Maintain or Increase Their Power

China Qing government fearful of Russia and the Mongols rising power Military campaigned to expand the Qing empire as a buffer zone protecting them from Russia Also ended any threat from Mongols One of the great land empires

China Qing did not force Chinese culture on conquered peoples Allowed local leaders to continue to rule as long as they obeyed Qing policies Also practiced religious and cultural tolerance Limited actions of pastoral nomads which reduced their numbers Neglected trade routes along the Silk Roads because they preferring ocean trade

Russia The other great land empire in China Ivan the Great (III) expelled the Mongols and began Russia’s history of expansion Ivan the Terrible (VI) expanded into Siberia Peter the Great and Catherine the Great added areas near the Black Sea

Russia Russia also ended the era of nomadic pastorialists by encouraging farming Placed restrictions on local peasants into “mita” type situations Also tended to be religiously tolerant

Russia Peter and Catherine also sought to “westernize” Russia to only moderate success P – built a new “modern, western” city: St. Petersburg Both modernized the military and invited foreign advisors in C – attached Russia to the western Europe political and cultural system C – invited immigrants to settle

Peter Catherine

Russia Continuities Serfdom Absolute Monarchy Peter and Catherine could change this (Catherine started the process) but did not Absolute Monarchy Chose not to limit the power of the Tsar or Tsarina

Western Europe Spain, England, Portugal and France choose to create sea based empires in the Americas These colonies became a vital part of the mercantile system Provided raw materials and “captive” markets All sought to convert natives to Christianity

Differences in Governing the Americas Spanish and Portuguese monarchs had a “hands-on” approach to governing their American colonies Viceroys used as Kings representatives in colonies Couldn’t make even the smallest decision Dutch, French, English chose a “hands- off” policy Salutory Neglect Fostered an independent spirit which led to revolutions!!!

Absolute & Constitutional Monarchies Spain, Russia, France and others held on to Absolute Monarchy England shifted to a Parliamentary Monarchy in 1689

Ottoman Empire At it’s peak during this time Defeated the shrinking Byzantine Empire in 1453 Geographically covered Europe, Asia and Africa Ruled over Christians, Jews and Muslim

Ottoman Empire Ottoman leaders did not require Non-Muslims to convert BUT non-Muslim families in Balkans required to turn over young boys to the army System was called devshirme, boys were called Janissaries trained in Islam and could rise in status by showing loyalty and ability Many Christian parents volunteered their sons hoping for this boost in status

Ottoman Empire Reached limit when defeated at Vienna Faced same dilemma as Russia, “Are we Asian or European?” Hard for Europeans to take…distrust of Muslim motives

New Governments in Asia and Europe Japan, India, Netherlands

Tokugawa Japan In mid 16th C, Japan lacked strong central government Portuguese Jesuit missionaries had limited success in conversion Europeans took advantage and sent merchants to exchange silver for manufactured goods Japan welcomed trade initially Technology for ships Guns Military advancements

Tokugawa Japan Early 17th C Tokugawa takes over and centralized power Leader of the government was a military commander, called Shogun Shogunate ruled Japan until mid 19th C Closed Japanese ports to outside influence Ran the Europeans out Persecuted Christians Only 1 Dutch ship in 1 Japanese port once per year

Mughal India Muslims from Central Asia moved into South Asia Claimed to be descendants of Genghis Khan Greatest ruler -- Akbar Religious toleration Minority in their own empire, little success or attempts to convert Hindus

The Netherlands Sea Merchants Economic policies, laissez-faire, pro- business – bank loans, new commercial enterprises, shipping Sent warships and soldiers under flag of Dutch East India Company to attack Portuguese outposts Dominated trade in Europe with the “Spice Islands” (dutch chocolate, java) Owned some sugar plantations in Caribbean

Collapse of Empires Aztec, Inca, Byzantine

Aztec Expanded through conquest and extraction of tribute Little attempt to assimilate conquered groups if tribute was paid Trade vital to Aztec society Rulers claimed to be gods (theocracy) Human sacrifice – gods needed blood for the sun to rise Slaves and captured enemy warriors used In this

Aztec Faced internal pressures in early 1500s Conquered peoples rising up and complaining about higher rates of tribute Added pressure because of the arrival of Spanish on the coast looking for gold

Inca In power for only about 100 years Expanded due to military conquest and was tribute based Emperor also claimed to be god Incorporated conquered peoples into empire Socialist in nature All land, food and trade goods owned by government All required to contribute to gov’t growth

Portuguese Jesuit missionaries had limited success in conversion

Inca Recordkeeping system – quipu Also facing internal issues when the Spanish arrived Civil war Small pox epidemic

Byzantine Empire By 1450 reduced to area surrounding city of Constantinople 1453 – defeated by Ottoman Turks Ottomans change name of city to Istanbul Convert Hagia Sophia into a mosque