CRACKING THE CODE OF LIFE DNA CRACKING THE CODE OF LIFE

DNA 101 DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid What is a nucleic acid (one of four..)___________ 5 cm long nucleic acid molecule that contains hereditary material—tells cell its function and structure

Functions DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc)

Functions DNA does it’s dirty work by making proteins… PROTEINS ARE LIKE TEXT MESSAGES AND BRICKS.. communicate and build things

Made Of large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units The sub-units are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group -PO4 and an organic base

Ribose and Deoxyribose Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom Both molecules may be represented by the symbol

The most common organic bases are The bases 5 The most common organic bases are Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Combine to form a nucleotide Nucleotides 6 The deoxyribose, the phosphate and one of the bases Combine to form a nucleotide adenine deoxyribose PO4 It is the phosphate group which gives DNA its acidic properties

The bases always pair up in the same way Bonding 1 10 The bases always pair up in the same way Adenine forms a bond with Thymine Adenine Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine Cytosine Guanine

The sequence of bases in DNA forms the 19 Genetic code 1 The sequence of bases in DNA forms the Genetic Code The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell

Learning Targets: What is replication? How do genes code for traits?

This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing Genetic code 2 20 This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing how a sequence of 5 different amino acids could determine the shape and identity of the molecule Ser-Cyst-Val-Gly-Ser-Cyst Ala Val Val-Cyst-Ser-Ala-Ser-Cyst-Gly Val- Cyst-Ala-Ala-Ser-Gly Each amino acid (Serine, Cysteine, Valine, Glycine and Alanine) is coded for by a particular triplet of bases

This is known as the triplet code 22 This is known as the triplet code Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA - Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein Although the DNA in the nucleus specifies the amino acids and their sequence, it is in the cytoplasm that the protein build-up takes place. The DNA of the nucleus makes a single strand of messenger RNA (ribo-nucleic acid) which leaves the nucleus and builds up the protein in the cytoplasm. The RNA code is complementary, but not identical, to the nuclear DNA. Text books usually give the coding for the RNA but in this presentation it is for the DNA itself Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly

Enzymes So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes The DNA controls which enzymes are made and the enzymes determine what reactions take place The proteins build the cell structures

Genes A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete amino acid Such a sequence forms a gene There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene

Replication Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind and separate Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides The result is that there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA This process is called replication

Genetic Code Each amino acid is specified by a particular combination of 3 nucleotides, called codons Different species can use one codon over another for the same amino acid

Learning Target: Find out what DNA looks like.

Learning Targets: Learn the process for DNA analysis in crimes scenes Learning Targets: Learn the process for DNA analysis in crimes scenes. Investigate issues surrounding DNA determining blood quantum.

Learning Targets: DNA characteristics and current issues.

Flash Card On the front: Nucleotide On the back: The “lego” of DNA: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases

Flash Card On the front: Nitrogen bases On the back: Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Makes genetic code

Flash Card On the front: Amino Acid On the back: Building block of proteins, coded by a triplet of nitrogen bases

Flash Card On the front: Replication On the back: Process by which DNA is doubled before cell division

High Country News Article 1.What are the positive and negatives of using blood quantum? Be balanced. 2. What do you think?

LT: Identify different types of blood and read DNA codens for traits.

ABO Simulated Blood Typing Kit What type of blood does DNA code for? Three types of blood: A, B, AB, O Inherited genes (“pieces of DNA”) determine what proteins are produced, what type of blood is determined by the type of proteins on a red blood cell’s surface

ABO Simulated Blood Typing Kit Antigens=blood type proteins Type A blood: has A protein but not B Type B blood: has B protein but not A Type AB blood: both AB is called universal recipients Type O blood: has neither A nor B O is considered universal donors

ABO simulated Blood typing Kit Antibodies: produced by the body in reaction to foreign proteins and are important to fight disease Type A blood makes antibody b, B=a (Anti-___serium = opposite, tells what type of blood) If given the wrong type of blood clumping occurs

Learning Target: Review of the characteristics of DNA.

Notes to notecard 1. What does DNA stand for? 2. What are proteins like? 3. DNA is made up of nucleotides, and nucleotides are made up of what? 4. What are the four nitrogen bases? 5. How many bases can there be in one gene? 6. Because of this process, all the DNA in all your cells are the same.

Trash Basketball!!!

Deoxyribose nucleic acid is…. DNA Nucleotide

Thymine, Cytosine, adenine, and Guanine are…. Amino acids Nitrogen bases

Proteins do what in the cell? Send messages and build stuff like muscle and cells Make amino acids

Amino acids Make up proteins Make up genes

three nitrogen bases make up a Coden or triplet Enzymes

The process by which DNA doubles in the cell Nucleotides Replication

A phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a sugar make up what? Enzyme Nucleotide

This is the lego of DNA Nucleotide Enzyme

This is a macromolecule Nucleic acid Coden

Cytosine will bond with Thymine Guanine

Thymine will bond with adenine cytosine

GAU AUU CUU CUG CCC ACA