Chapter 1 - Three Societies on the Verge of Contact Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Learning Outcomes Define and understand the meaning of nutrition. Understand the main purposes of nutrients and how they are classified. Differentiate among the major groups of nutrients. 4 Define calorie and explain energy. 5 Outline the scientific method.

6 Evaluate the validity of a nutritional claim. 7 Understand the connection between nutrition and health. 8 Appreciate the importance of nutrition.

Obtain and use food to support all processes What Is Nutrition? Obtain and use food to support all processes Many scientific fields Nutritional scientists Dietitian The foods you choose now will influence both your immediate and long-term health.

What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do? Found in food and required by the body Roles Classification Essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential Organic or inorganic Macronutrient or micronutrient

What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do? Essential nutrient Must be obtained from diet Nonessential nutrient Body can produce Conditionally essential Circumstances

What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do? Organic compounds Contains carbon and hydrogen Example nutrients Inorganic compounds Do not contain carbon Certified organic Food label definitions Certified organic foods can be identified by this seal.

FIGURE 1.2 Understanding Composition of “Organic” Foods When listed on food labels, the term organic can have different meanings. © 2014 Cengage Learning® 8

What Are Nutrients, and What Do They Do? Macronutrients Consumed in relatively large amounts Examples nutrients Micronutrients Other health-promoting substances Phytochemical Zoochemical Functional food

How Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients Classified? Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Many types Glucose Dietary fiber Proteins Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Roles

How Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients Classified? Lipids Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen Roles Food sources Water Oxygen and hydrogen

How Are Macronutrients and Micronutrients Classified? Vitamins Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen Roles Classification Minerals 15 essential minerals

TABLE 1.1 Grouping Macronutrients and Micronutrients

How Is the Energy in Food Measured? Macronutrients supply energy Protein, carbohydrates, and lipids Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Calorie Alcohol

FIGURE 1.3 Nutritional Energy When listed on food labels, the term organic can have different meanings. © 2014 Cengage Learning® 15

How Do Nutritional Scientists Conduct Their Research? Scientific method Step 1: Making an observation Accuracy Step 2: Proposing a hypothesis Prediction about the relationship between variables Causal relationship Correlation Although there is probably an association between when your alarm sounds and the time the sun rises, changing your wake-up alarm will not alter the sunrise. In other words, correlation does not infer causality.

How Do Nutritional Scientists Conduct Their Research? Scientific method Step 3: Experimentation Epidemiologic studies Correlation Intervention studies Control group Placebo Single- and double-blind studies Random assignment

FIGURE 1.5 Components of a Nutrition Intervention Study Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention studies are considered the gold standard of nutrition research. © 2016 Cengage Learning® 18

Are All Nutrition Claims Believable? Questions to ask about claims Where was the study published? Primary source of information Peer-reviewed journal Who conducted the study? Qualified and knowledgeable researchers Who paid for the research? Funding should not bias study outcomes

Are All Nutrition Claims Believable? Questions to ask about claims Did the researchers use the right study design? PubMed Do public health organizations concur? Example organizations

Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection? Public health agencies CDC Mortality rate Infant mortality rate Morbidity rate Life expectancy Years of life remaining for a person at a particular age Graying of America

FIGURE 1. 6. Changes in Life Expectancy and Infant FIGURE 1.6 Changes in Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Rate over the Past Century Since 1900, life expectancy has increased while infant mortality rate has decreased. These shifts indicate greater societal health. Source: Xu J. Q., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L., Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final data for 2007. National vital statistics reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010; 58:19. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nvsr/ nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf; National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55–64. Hyattsville, MD. 2015. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14.pdf. © 2014 Cengage Learning® 22

Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection? Diseases Infectious disease Examples Noninfectious disease The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a federal agency charged with monitoring health and disease rates in the U.S. population.

FIGURE 1.7 Life Expectancy Around the Globe Source: Xu J. Q., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L., Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final data for 2007. National vital statistics reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010; 58:19. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf; National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55–64. Hyattsville, MD. 2015. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14.pdf. 24

Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection? Diseases Chronic degenerative disease Causes Leading causes of death Risk factors Tobacco use Physical activity Dietary habits Nutrition transition

FIGURE 1.8 Five Leading Causes of Death over the Past Century Source: Xu J. Q., Kochanek K. D., Murphy S. L., Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: Final data for 2007. National vital statistics reports. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2010; 58:19. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf; National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged 55–64. Hyattsville, MD. 2015. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14.pdf. 26

Nutrition and Health: What Is the Connection? Assessing the nutritional health of the nation Healthy People 2020 Four overarching goals Encourage long, high-quality lives Achieve health equity Create environments that promote good health for all Promote quality of life, healthy development, & healthy behaviors across all life stages