The world was democratically changing EU – 1. China takes its place as a major power in the world The post-colonial, Cold War and post-Cold War eras have led to both significant development and significant challenges for the continents of Asia, Africa and South America The world was democratically changing Warm-up - Finish p 12-14 in Packet about Latin American democracy and p 15 about democratization in Africa Review: review sheet questions 12-15 Homework questions? Do a quick evaluation of a partner's Core Magazine Activity Prompt: Africa, Asia and Latin America have big differences in their post-colonial eras that illustrate important lessons about the relationship between government, society and economics. Create an illustrated chart that compares these three regions’ governments, societies and economic

Latin America democratizes Most of South America was colonized by Spain (except Brazil and the 3 Guyanas) Dictators or authoritarian parties governed most of South America until after WWII After WWII many countries elected nationalist/socialist parties and leaders The US, the wealthy and many Catholics helped to lead coups to overthrow these governments out of fear of communism From the 1970s to the 1990s, many Latin American Countries were governed by dictators

Making Democracy work Practices that are common in democracy Conditions that contribute to democratic progress Free elections Free media of communication Majority rule with minority rights protected Participation Culture of compromise Constitutional government with limits and checks and balances Economic stability Rule of law Belief in and protection of individual rights Belief in democracy Practice of contingent consent Development of civil society

Steering Brazil toward democracy What actions have Brazilian leaders taken in the 80s and 90s that helped to stabilize the Brazilian economy? Foreign investment Infrastructure improvements (development projects) to help grow the economy Froze wages Protected wealth landowners Cut social programs Note a democratic practice in Brazil today Direct elections of local state and national leaders Direct elections of president

Ending one party rule in Mexico 2 crises that threatened democracy in Mexico 1968 student protests in Mexico City world oil price decline in the 1980s leading to lower government revenues, declines in government spending and a debt crisis. 1988 presidential election fraud 1994 Chiapas rebellion by Zapatista pro-Indian movement Drug violence Ways that the election of 1997 advanced democracy no more dedazo – president no longer appointed successors and other candidates primary election for PRI candidates opposition parties gained many seats in Chamber of Deputies, weakening power of PRI creation of independent Federal Election Institute

Ending repression in Argentina Effects of Military rule on Argentina weakened welfare state Poor became militant No political fairness, rights or freedoms Economy stagnated Torture and murder by pro-government groups as part of the “Dirty War” Current democratic practices free elections rule of law functioning independent judiciary

Democracy in Central and south America Oldest is Costa Rica – Paraguay the youngest 1980’s and 1990’s saw most stability of democratic institutions Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua had most violence in Central America Colombia, Peru and Suriname. (Colombia has just ended its civil war, so things are looking up for Colombia. Peru has a functioning democracy and democratic values, but a weak state, and Suriname is making some strides in recent years) French Guyana 1960s saw no democratization in Latin America 83 – Argentina & El Salvador 85 – Bolivia & Uruguay, 89- Panama & Brazil, 90- Chile & Nicaragua Military dictatorship; colonization led to history of military rule and limited development of institutions and values of democracy

Ethnicity and African Countries – notice any issues? Current country borders Current Ethnic group locations

Democratic challenges in Africa Set the stage for civil war or ethnic conflict and poor conditions for democratization - lack of national identity 2. Poor economic prospects for future; small middle class; few domestic consumable products; import economy; international debt 3. Inability to have skills and knowledge to be successful in the modern technological age 4. Rebellion (called the Biafran Civil War) put down and Nigeria was united with more (36) states created along ethnic lines; but set precedent for military coups 5. Brutality and corruption; continued ethnic violence and ethnic based corruption (called “prebendalism”) But last 18 years have seen significant democratic improvements, including fairly contested election of Buhari and the APC as majority party in Congress in 2015 All Progressives Congress (2015 majority party in Nigeria Congress – both houses)

Democratic challenges in Africa 6. Afrikaner culture, people and white race become predominant in all areas of life leading to apartheid 7. Repression of protestors; thousands killed and international condemnation; unrest continued and a state of emergency was declared 8. Significant changes – Mandela released from prison, ANC legalized; democracy w universal voting eligibility and the repeal of apartheid 9. Mandela elected and ANC was majority in the national assembly; orderly democratic change when Mbeki was elected in 1999 (resigned after political and corruption issues involving Zuma). ANC continued its power with Jacob Zuma as 2 term president after 2009

Comparison of regions today Africa Latin America Asia Government: Type Level of democracy Effectiveness stability Economy Growth Per capita GDP Inequality Diversity of employment Technological success Diversity of production Society Poverty Access to technology Personal security Food security Education Religion Environment

China follows its own path The Cultural Revolution Goals – 1. to Save Mao’s power 2. To return to communist roots of the peasant-based revolution 3. To oppose the modernizing and free-market policies of Deng Xiaoping Outcomes – economic, political and social chaos Loss of a generation of educated people Millions of people sent to “prison” Many people removed from positions of political and economic power

China follows its own path Tennis Anyone Goals – 1. to end China’s isolation 2. To connect China to the West – the developed world Outcomes – US-China relation greatly improved Cultural exchanges with the West Opens china for trade PRC recognized and given UN Security Council seat

China follows its own path Outcomes – economic growth greater than any other country in the world 300 million people out of poverty China becomes a major world power Big gap growing between rich and poor Huge increase in food and industrial output Western ideas adopted by Chinese The 4 modernizations and Deng’s free market solutions Goals – 1. to improve China’s economy 2. To improve China’s industry, military, technology and agriculture

China follows its own path Tianenmen Square Goals – 1. to promote democracy and end the authoritarian single-party political system Outcomes – economic, political and social chaos Hundred or thousands killed Democracy movement almost destroyed World aware of China’s human rights abuses CCP stays in power and economy continues to flourish

China follows its own path Hong Kong Handover Goals – 1. end foreign rule of Chinese territory Outcomes – 1 country two systems 2. China’s access to western capital and capitalism 3. Hong Kong slowly loses political freedom, but China’s citizens slowly accept Western-style freedoms and economic activity