“Energy can neither be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another.” - Einstein

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Bonds are formed through the removal of water Chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined covalently by the removal of -OH from one molecule and -H atom which makes water OH + H → H2O

Examples of dehydration synthesis in biomolecules Carbohydrates Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide → Disaccharide + H2O Lipids 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids → Triglyceride + 3 H2O Proteins 2 Amino Acids → Dipeptide + H2O

HYDROLYSIS Bonds are broken through the addition of water Adding water splits the molecules into smaller units Splitting polymers into monomers Reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis 2 H2O →2 H2 + O2

Examples of hydrolysis in biomolecules Carbohydrates Disaccharide + H2O → Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide Lipids Triglyceride + 3 H2O → 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Proteins Dipeptide + H2O → 2 Amino Acids

SYNTHESIS – BOND FORMS HYDROLYSIS – BOND BREAKS

ATP : Energy & The Cell Chapter 6

What is energy? Organisms need energy to perform every task Cells also need energy for active transport & to make molecules

Energy for Cells The energy for cells is stored in the chemical bonds of biomolecules such as carbohydrates and lipids PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR CELLS is GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE Glucose brings into the cells a large supply of energy stored in its bonds The energy is transferred from the glucose to where it is needed through the use of ATP ATP = energy carrier molecule

ATP ATP is the energy currency of the cell ATP = Coins Cell = Vending Machine

ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

FUNCTION OF ATP ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of glucose to cell processes Functions like a rechargeable battery

FUNCTION OF ATP

HOW DOES ATP FUNCTION? ADP + P + Energy ↔ ATP

ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

ATP ATP is a universal energy-carrier molecule in all cells When ATP is converted to ADP and P, energy is released to run the cell’s activities ADP has to be recharged to make ATP. It takes the P and energy it needs from glucose

ANIMATION : HYDROLYSIS OF ATP

ANIMATION : SYNTHESIS OF ATP