BR: D13 Review: Pretend you’re John Adams, before the 1800 election. What is your party trying to convince you to do? How would you respond? What did John Adams do? What happened as a result?

Ch. 9.1 Republicans Take Power U.S. History I Ch. 9.1 Republicans Take Power

Daily Objectives: We will: 1. …Discuss how the election of 1800 was resolved, people involved, results, etc. 2. …Explain how the Supreme Court was strengthened, through Marbury vs. Madison and the idea of Judicial Review

1800 Election John Adams and Charles Pinkney (VP) ran for the federalists, while Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (VP) ran for the Democratic- Republicans, aka the Republicans. This election was unique because instead of going around the country to rallies, the candidates wrote letters to newspapers, supporting their views and attacking the other party, which were then published for all to see and debate. It got quite nasty, as you can imagine. VID The election ended in a tie…ugh. 73 votes for Adams, and 73 for Jefferson. It goes to the House of Representatives…and because of the mess of separate voting to VP and President, it was tied for 35 ballots. Finally, a federalist voted for someone else, ending the tie and letting Jefferson win. To avoid this in the future, the 12th Amendment was passed, making electors vote for Pres. & VP separately (used to be together)

Jefferson’s Inauguration March 4th, 1801, Inauguration Day: Pres. Jefferson officially becomes president, and delivers the first Inaugural Address as president, and attempts to reunite the country after a bitter and ugly election. This precedent continues today. Jefferson reached out to both sides, saying “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” He outlined a plan for his goals as president, including a “wise and frugal government” and the “support of state governments in all their rights”, thus supporting his long-held belief in limiting the federal government and the importance of states’ rights. Inaug. History Vid In essence, Jefferson advocated a laissez-faire government, which is French for “let [the people] do as they please.” He hoped the federal government would take a hands off approach to governing.

Jefferson’s Cabinet Jefferson was full of contradictions though; for example: He wrote the Decl. of Independence, which stated “All Men are Created Equal”; however, he was a slaveholder He wanted the U.S. to be a nation of small independent farmers; yet he was a wealthy landowner with a huge estate Despite these contradictions, he did the best he knew how. As the newly elected president, he had to pick his new cabinet, and as many presidents have done, he picked those that agreed with his politics For Sec. of State, he chose his friend James Madison For Sec. of the Treasury, he chose Albert Gallatin, equal in knowledge to Alexander Hamilton. His administration allowed the unpopular Alien & Sedition Acts to expire, and also repealed the Naturalization Act, thus defending individual liberties

Cutting Costs Jefferson didn’t like a big federal government, so he slashed everything, much like a going-out-of-business sale. They cut the navy from 25 to 7 ships Reduced the army by 1/3rd Repealed all federal internal taxes, like the Whiskey Tax Left tariffs on imported goods The entire federal government in 1801? It involved a few hundred people, and Jefferson that this was perfect. Gov. in his mind should deliver the mail, provide for defense, collect minimal taxes, and conduct a census every 10 years.

Judiciary Act of 1801 Before Adams left office, there was a period where he was still president with the old Congress. They passed a law called the Judiciary Act of 1801, which created regional courts, making many new judge positions. Adams then made hundreds of federalist judge appointments, in the last few days of being in office, to pack the courts with Federalists. John Marshall, Adams’ Secretary of State, helped Adams process and sign all these appointments. Not all of the commissions got delivered, and the next day, Jefferson told his new Sec. of State James Madison not to deliver them. This set up an epic showdown! Marbury vs. Madison End! No HW!