Responses to Imperialism China

A. In many ways, China experienced the same type of aggressive takeover as Africa. However, the catalyst was different. 1. For centuries, China was one of the _____________________ in the world. The high demand for their goods, mostly ___________ and __________________ allowed them to dominate world trade. China held a favorable _________________________________, since the demand for their goods was so high. China also did not need to import ____________, since their rice strain could be harvested twice a season. All in all, China dictated trade in world markets. superpowers silk gunpowder favorable balance of trade food

2. However, China isolated themselves 2. However, China isolated themselves. Around 1450, the Ming Dynasty ___________________ Chinese borders because they felt outside ideas were poisoning Chinese culture, especially core __________________________ values. While European nations could not really do anything about it initially, as nations such as ______________________ gained more power, steps were taken to break the Chinese isolation and favorable balance of trade. closed Confucian Great Britain

3. England had an addiction to Chinese __________ 3. England had an addiction to Chinese __________. The British had tea with just about every meal. While they were able to grow and import it from other colonies (namely ____________), Chinese tea was the best. Because China dictated the terms of trade, the British spent an incredible amount of silver on tea. Darwinism drove the British government to find a way to flip the balance of trade to favor England. tea India

4. Beginning in the 1820s, first illegally, and then with the backdoor blessing of the British government, English traders began importing _________________ into China. By 1835, perhaps as many as ___________________ Chinese were addicted to smoking opium. opium 12 million POPPIES!!!

5. The Chinese government saw a huge problem with this 5. The Chinese government saw a huge problem with this. Not only was the balance of trade flipped to England and ____________________ of silver coins flowed out of China, it disrupted Chinese society. Chinese society was structured around _________________ values. Opium destroyed any semblance of family order, as addicts went to dens to get high and neglected their families. The government tried to stop the trade numerous times, including directly asking Queen _____________ to put a stop to the trade, and even destroying the warehouses that housed the opium. Nothing worked, and in early 1840, China declared __________ on Britain. millions Confucian Victoria war

6. The Opium War did not go well for China 6. The Opium War did not go well for China. British _____________________ helped smash the Chinese military, and very quickly, China surrendered. Peace terms were harsh for China, as the British forced them to sign the ________________________________, the first of several _________________ China signed in the latter half of the 1800s. This treaty legalized the importation of Opium, opened 5 new ports to trade with England, created ___________________________ for British citizens in China, and gave the island of ___________________ to England for 150 years as compensation for war debts. technology Treaty of Nanjing unequal treaties extraterritoriality laws Hong Kong

B. China’s loss in the Opium Wars set off a series of events that dictated Chinese development over the next 100 years. 1. In the years that initially followed the first Opium War, a second Opium War was fought, with England again dominating the Chinese. The resulting treaty led directly to the ____________________________, the costliest peasant revolt in Chinese history, with as many as __________________ Chinese peasants losing their lives. The Chinese government was so weak that _____________________________ came in to put down the revolt. Europeans began to force their way into Chinese society more and more. Taiping Rebellion 14 million European powers

2. Around the same time that the Taiping Rebellion started, European powers began to carve out ________________________ in China. A sphere of influence is an area of a nation where a foreign power claims exclusive trade privileges and other economic advantages. China, who stood for years as an economic superpower, did not like this development. However, there was not a whole lot that could be done about it. spheres of influence

3. While foreigners tore apart China, the government tried to stop the problems. While three different emperors ruled from the end of the Opium Wars to the collapse of the Manchu dynasty in 1908, one person remained constant: Dowager Empress ____________. Cixi oversaw several attempts by the Chinese government to overhaul their outdated ways; at the same time, she also supported the different attempts to remove ___________________________ from China. Cixi foreign powers

4. In 1894 and 1895, China fought and lost a devastating war with ____________, as the Japanese started to implement their own imperial goals. In 1897, two _______________ missionaries were murdered, and Germany used this as a pretext to demand more land in China. Giving into the German demands set in motion another series of unfortunate events. Japan German

a. The reigning monarch responded to Germany’s demands by implementing the __________________________, attempting to overhaul Chinese political, economic, and educational systems. However, the reforms were opposed by the conservative members of the government, and along with _____________________, ended the movement. 100 Days of Reform Empress Cixi

b. At the same time, the US created the _____________________ for dealing with China. The US proposed that in order to preserve the unity of the Chinese empire, and for all nations to have equal access to the Chinese markets, that an open door policy exist for trade in China. The US did not agree with how the spheres of influence limited trade in China to the areas the foreign power controlled and therefore wanted free markets throughout China. While not ending spheres of influence in China, it did lead to a lessening of the importance of the spheres, as Europeans stopped believing other powers were trying to subvert them. Open Door Policy

c. The Open Door Policy came too late to stop the ______________________ from beginning in 1900. The Europeans coined the term “Boxers” to describe the secret organization known as the _______________________________. The Boxer’s hated all foreigners in China, shown by their slogan “_______________________.” The Boxers especially targeted ______________________________ and Chinese converts. Beginning in 1900, the Boxers slaughtered thousands of foreign nationals and Chinese converts throughout China. Boxer Rebellion Righteous and Harmonious Fists Destroy the Foreigner Christian Missionaries

d. Response was immediate d. Response was immediate. An allied army comprising of soldiers from Britain, Russia, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States attacked and took control of ________________. The army restored order and demanded the Chinese government pay a huge ____________________ as reparations for putting down the rebellion. Beijing indemnity

e. Cixi and the national government were now weaker than ever before e. Cixi and the national government were now weaker than ever before. The government attempted to implement the reforms they had rejected before the Boxer Rebellion, but it was too little too late. Many of the reforms did not help the lower class peasants and the taxes imposed to pay for the reforms made _____________________________ worse. Soon, uprisings began across the countryside, and in 1910, the transition to a democratic government began. However, Chinese society, fraught with social inequality, could not handle this new style of government. living conditions