Warm-Up (Ch. 3 Review) Objective=TLWBAT illustrate how organisms exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization (2.A.3) and relate this to the origins of life on earth (1.D.1) BTEOTP This is the focus of this class Ch3 Review Questions and answers Which of the following is a hydrophobic material: paper, table salt, wax, sugar, or pasta? What kind of bonds are “broken” when water vaporizes? If the pH of a lake is 4.0, what is the hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of the lake? What is the hydroxide [OH-] concentration?

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization 1.D.1 there are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting evidence Listing of 1D1 shows us the connection of study of exchange of matter (2.A.3) through studying Organic Chemistry to evolution. See in the textbook p58 in the intro paragraph: “C is unparalleled in its ability to form large complex and varied molecules making possible the diversity of organisms that have evolved on earth.

You Must Know Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry that specializes in study of carbon compounds Organic compounds: contain Carbon (& H) Major elements of life: CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur It is the properties of carbon that make it so important.

Draw the electron distribution and lewis dot structures of CHNOPS Draw the electron distribution and lewis dot structures of CHNOPS. See the relationships?

I. Importance of Carbon Carbon can form small or large, complex, and diverse molecules How does this connect to evolution? Stanley Millers 1953 experiment on p59

5 Contains CH2O formaldahyd, HCN Cyanide, Amino Acids, Stanely Millers Experiment may have synthesized 1st steps of life on earth in a lab 3 2 1 4 5 Contains CH2O formaldahyd, HCN Cyanide, Amino Acids, Long HC

II. Diversity of Carbon It has 4 valence electrons (tetravalence) It can form up to 4 covalent bonds Most frequent bonding partners: H, O, N

II. Diversity of Carbon H H-C H C-H Bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds. H H-C H C-H

II. Diversity of Carbon Carbon can form large molecules 4 classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (more in Ch5)

II. Diversity of Carbon Molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, or branched Remember: these are 3D. Shape of the molecule determines its function! Methane Remember: these molecules are 3D. Show model kits. The shape and orientation of the molecule determines its function. This is extremely important later on!!! HC= organic cpds consisting of just H and C. Examples: petroleum fuel, fat (has HC and polar region) Lots of energy is released in reaction. Ex fuel for car and people. HC are not prevalent in the make up of most living organisms. But, many organic molecules contain long HC chains. Are HC hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Hydrophobic because it doesn’t have a polar region. Aromatic

II. Diversity of Carbon Forms isomers Chiral Movie Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnmWTruibMY Molecules have same molecular formula, but differ in atom arrangement different structures  different properties/functions Structural Isomer Cis-Trans Isomer Enantiomers Varies in covalent arrangement Differ in spatial arrangement Mirror images of molecules

Enantiomers Visualization 2 students stand facing each other. Mirror each others movements exactly. Put one hand up and one hand down Rotate and look at the class. Do you now see that the molecules are not the same as you see that one has their left hand up and the other has the right hand up. What are the biological ramifications?

Drug manufacturing: Thalidomide Documentary “good” enantiomer  reduce morning sickness “bad” enantiomer  cause birth defects “good” converts to “bad” in infants’s body Now used to treat cancers, leprosy, HIV

Fig. 4.8 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

III. Functional Groups Behavior of organic molecules depends on functional groups Most common functional groups: Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl You don’t have to memorize these! You do need to understand how and why they function. Practice: Fill in the Functional Group Table Use p64-65, and ipads as reference Draw a blue box around all polar regions. Draw a red box around all acidic regions. Draw a black box around all basic regions. Highlight double bonds in yellow. Highlight ring structures in light green. Draw a yellow circle around all ions.