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Which cities have more than three universities? Parsing Grounding (1) Ungrounded representation Generation (2) Grounded representation Generation 1.1 Node Recognition 2.1 Node Linking Question Ungrounded queries Grounded Queries 1.2 Structure Predication 2.2 Relation Matching 1. Parsing, P(u|q) 1.1 识别4类结点(variable, entity mention, class mention, literal) 1.2 解析3层结构: (a) 结点内部的结构, 目的是识别aggregates (b) 子问题内部的结构, 目的是实体,类型,参数结点之间的关系 (c) 子问题间的结构 2. Grounding, P s u,q, G 2.1 Node Linking: entity mention->entity list; class mention->class list 2.2 Relation Matching: 1:1,1:N mapping Which cities have more than three universities? Greece held its last Summer Olympics in which year? How many daughters does Obama have? Who was the first president of United States after 2000? What ‘s the total number of songs originally performed by anna nalick? 1.3 Solution Aggregation

Node Recognition what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer ? v is the number of c won by e ? Entity mention and class mention Problem: Sequence labeling Tags: O, I-Entity, I-Class, I-Literal Method: Bi-directional LSTM Performance: Precision: 64.26% Recall: 60.96% F1 Score: 62.57% Literal: Sutime Variable: Wh-words how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell ? how many children of e_1 were born in e_2 ? what are the violent events that started on 4/7/1995 ? v are the violent c that started on l ?

Parsing Baseline: Computation tree (Alon Talmor, 2018) Limitation: Problem: Sequence-to-sequence Method: Pointer Network P z q , z= z 1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 1 ∈ Comp, Conj , 0≤z 2 ≤ q , −1≤z 3 ≤ q Performance: 60.9% (exact correct) Limitation: Question Operation Sub question what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer ? conjunction what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell? how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell Where is the largest country located ? composition the largest country located Where is %composition

Parsing what is the number of tennis tournament championships won by roger federer ? v is the number of c won by e ? v is the number of set_1 COUNT (set_1) Idea: the meaning of a span is determined by the meanings of its sub-span. span i,k g 1 + span k,j g 2 → span i,j {f( g 1 , g 2 )} Example: span 0,5 g 1 + span 5,8 g 2 → [ span 0,8 ]{f( g 1 , g 2 )} g 1 =<v, the number of, ?x> g 2 =<?x, won by, e>, <?x, a, c> f g 1 , g 2 =<v, the number of, ?x>, <?x, won by, e>, <?x, a, c> how many children of eddard stark were born in winterfell ? how many children of e_1 were born in e_2 ? how many set_1 were born in e_2 how many set_2 COUNT (set_2) Compositional Semantics Where is the largest country located ? Where is the largest c located ? Where is e located ? answer

CKY chart parsing Book the flight through Houston